There are some scholarly books and many essays that suggest hard-wiring of basic ethical codes, Afa. Unless you're of the scholarly type yourself (I'm not), popular reading on the subject can be found from Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett and there was a long article a year or so in the excellent Skeptical Enquirer. Earlier work on the evolution of ethics I remember from Desmond Morris. Zoological study is stiff with examples of 'tribal' and individual 'morality' in animals, especially in our fellow primates. Cheers. Neil
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