Yes, if you are looking at the "composite" custom column in the library view that has a template of "{identifiers:isbn}". That type of custom column is not updated by Calibre in realtime like other custom columns, since it is a virtual custom column, not "real".
LC issues a Message in the lower left side of the GUI stating that your ISBN was converted from 10 to 13, and that you should "E'dit to see the new value" for the book's ISBN. See the attached image. If you were to Edit Metadata, you would see in the Identifiers that indeed the ISBN was changed.
Or, you Quick Switch to another Library and then Quick Switch back in order to force all composite custom columns to be refreshed. Or, restart Calibre.
If the above is not the issue, then the ISBN-10s are not "valid", and cannot be converted to ISBN-13s.
You can independently verify the validity of an ISBN-10 by using an online tool to convert it, such as
https://www.isbn.org/ISBN_converter.
DaltonST