InDesign has placed the target anchor tag incorrectly, at least incorrectly by Mobi standards.
When the Mobi/Kindle reader jumps to an anchor it does not look backwards to look for possible style instructions. You need to edit the ePub and move the anchor targets to a point before whatever wrapping container (<p>, <div>, <span>, ...) has the style instructions to center the image. That way, when the reader jumps to the anchor and runs forward it encounters the centering instruction before encountering the image tag.