As far as I know, only the Kobo e-ink devices can have their reading position synced via calibre. And do to that, you have to use my Kobo Utilities plugin.
For other devices, Kobo will sync books bought from their shop across their devices and apps. Kindle will as well. Kindle might also sync sideloaded books, but I don't have one to try. I think the reading app Marvin has a mechanism to do it, but I think that is between Marvin on different devices.
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