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In the days when I catalogued library books for a living, the golden rule was "best-known form of author's name". Obviously this could vary from country to country, but for the UK, some standard examples were:
De La Mare, Walter (the French indefinite article not regarded as such in English)
but
Maupassant, Guy de
Lawrence, D H (best-known form of name is initialised)
Chekhov (best-known transliteration)
but
Tchaikovsky (just to be inconsistent, but adhering to best-known form of name)
And yes, all those classic Greeks get filed under their best-known forms - Aesop, Homer, Sophocles, Plato etc.
For Chinese names we used the PinYin tansliteration eventually, hence Mao Zedong replaced the earlier form of Mao Tse Tung - interesting exception as one could argue that the older form was the better known!
Bela Bartok usually suffered the indignity of being inverted into 'Bartok, Bela' - again strictly incorrect, but better-known in that form.
Naturally, we covered our bets - rule 33P of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1967 mandated an added (alternate) entry for any other form of name you felt might be helpful!
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