[Wiggo]

You would have to sync your Calibre library on the Windows computer with the Calibre library on your Android phone.
Now I don't know whether this is stored locally on your phone or whether you do this via a cloud. Cloud would of course be easier in my opinion as you don’t have to connect your phone to your computer for a sync.
Put a copy of the Calibre library in the cloud and sync it with your computer and then simply update it with CS.

Unfortunately I have no idea about Calibre's content server, never used it

Edit: Regarding the different libraries for you and your husband, you could work with Saved Views in CS, but that's not really convenient. Saved views are virtually preset filters and then you still have to add the other filters.