I am not an expert on USB, but I learned a bit from the many discussions on this site that took place years ago. USB devices can communicate with each other, passing information on the capabilities of each other before moving data or charging. For safety, the default charging mode is to use a very low current that all devices can handle. The devices can negotiate a higher charging current if they both can handle it and are capable of communicating that to each other. That last bit is what is probably holding your device back when it comes to charging if you are using something that cannot negotiate.
My old 505 would occasionally completely drain its battery. When plugging into USB, the charging would start off really slowly, taking hours before the device could successfully boot up. Once it did, it could negotiate a higher charging current, and filling the battery went much faster. The whole process was more complicated than you might think.
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