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The Singularity Is Near (2005) by Raymond Kurzweil asks a similar question. The book itself describes a future technological world where man and machine are indistinguishable (and far more advanced), but Kurzweil's position is that we would still be human. His arguement is that humankind is more than just flesh and bone and DNA.
Some people may disagree. They may maintain that a machine can never be human. Well then what about someone with an artificial heart? What about the returning soldier that comes back with artificial legs? Or someone living in an iron lung? What percentage of being a machine is exceptable? Is it the human brain that makes a human?
Kurzweil believes that it isn't even the human brain that makes us human. He argues that through advancements in biotechnology (or through nanotechnology and artificial intelligence) that humankind will evolve and become far more intelligent than today's human. He maintains that today's humankind contemplating tomorrows humankind is like an earthworm contemplating opera. Nevertheless, we would still be human -- just evolved.
I don't have an answer for what makes us human, and I don't think Kurzweil does either, but I do believe it is more than just a taxonomy (or biological classification) and DNA. I may not be able to put the details into words, but I believe being human is more about a shared culture, a belief system, and a group dynamic that sets us apart from every other living creature.
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