I do all the maintenance of books in calibre. When I get a new book, I add it to calibre and use the metadata download to get the metadata and identifiers for the books. And I add it to my "To Read" reading list and the reading lists for the devices I want it. I rarely put books in the "want-to-read" (or whatever it is called) shelf on GR.
As a rule, I don't worry that much about which edition is chosen from Goodreads. When I do (which usually means I am wasting time and should go read a book instead) I use the Goodreads Sync plugin to switch editions.
After that, when I start reading a book, I move it to my "Reading" reading list in calibre and use the plugin to add the book to the "currently reading" shelf and a genre shelf on GR. As I read the book, I use the update progress function to update GR. When I finish the book, the update progress function will set it as finished and set my rating (I rarely comment on the book) and put it on the "read" shelf. And I move the book to my "Finished" reading list.
A lot of the above is semi-automated. My Kobo Utilities plugin will fetch the reading status of books on the device when it is connected. And then call the update progress function after I accept those updates. That means two button clicks as I read plus selecting the rating when finished.
What that means is that I rarely fetch from GR. And mostly when testing the plugin. For a Kindle, I don't know the best way. I understand that there is some connection between the Kindle and GR, but, I have never used. But, if you just want to do an sync for a specific book, you can use the options under "Linked book". They upload and download options there should do the equivalent of the other options, but, just for that book.
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