OK, I have tried. Created a custom column named #original.
Filled it with date, and saved EPUB to disk. The resulting meta tag in the EPUB is a bit impractical for use, because it's content is a long JSON string with a full description of a custom column, not just the date value. It is just one line of course, I have broken it just for better display in a code block.
Code:
<meta name="calibre:user_metadata:#original" content="{"link_column":
"value", "is_multiple2": {},
"search_terms": ["#original"],
"is_csp": false, "rec_index": 22,
"column": "value",
"datatype": "datetime",
"label": "original",
"name": "Originaly published",
"kind": "field",
"is_custom": true, "is_category": false,
"#extra#": null, "is_editable": true,
"display": {"description":
"Date of original publishing", "date_format":
"dd.MM.yyyy."}, "is_multiple": null,
"table": "custom_column_4",
"category_sort": "value",
"#value#": null, "colnum": 4}"/>
But thanks anyway for your help!