As you suspected, the answer is no.
It's in the EPUB 3 specification, though. Alas, most still use EPUB 2.
http://www.idpf.org/epub/linking/cfi/epub-cfi.html
I use Marvin for iOS when I need annotations. Well, I'd highlight on whatever device I'm already reading on but I would manually copy highlights to Marvin later. Thankfully, I don't highlight often and I don't write notes. Typing's a major hassle on e-ink anyway.
On Marvin, I can export annotations to EPUB, CSV, HTML and PDF. I can also access Marvin's database directly (via backup export).