Solved, thanks a lot for your valuable hint about the FAQ and especially the firewall there!
Yes, my wifi was "public", but still, changing to private did not solve the issue.
My windows firewall control 5.3 needs apparently 2 rules for a program like calibre: one for "out" and another one for "in" connections. It does not seem to allow a rule to be set for both.
And i did not notice that the rule set already was only an "outgoing" one. So i had to set another one for the "incoming" connections and after that the issue was solved instantly.
But what's pretty strange about that: why is that incoming rule not necessary on the cable-LAN but only on wifi?