The MOBI and KF8 (azw3) Kindle formats use an associated APNX file to provide page numbers. Calibre can produce this file automatically when sending a book to a kindle device. As far as I know the software that generates the APNX can be configured to estimate the page number starting positions within the book using the total number of pages, but exact page number positioning is not possible.
The KFX Kindle format has page numbers built in and can be created using the
KFX Output plugin. It can make use of exact page number locations specified in the source EPUB using an NCX pageList, NAV page-list, or page-map.xml. There are advantages and disadvantages to using KFX which I recommend you investigate before going that route.
Added: To actually add the page numbers to your source EPUB you would need to manually mark the start of each page by adding an id in the HTML files. Then you create an index that associates each of those ids with a page number label. A very tedious process.