The landmarks are to epub3 very much like the opf guide in epub2. Its entries are used to mark files as to their functional/structural role. They are a required part of a valid nav as the guide itself has been deprecated in epub3. The landmarks section of the nav is typically not displayed directly and is instead meant to be machine readable.
Both epub:type and aria role attributes are meant to be used by the ebook author/developer to add semantic information to aide structural navigation of the epub, and provide screen readers for use by readers with vision impairment or other accessibility issues more information to help better convey the epub.
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