I'll begin by going back to the very beginnings of writing down stories and nominate the Epic of Gilgamesh. From the ancient Sumer and Babylon area/people and formed from various found fragments and versions, it's a short epic poem/collection of tales concerning their religion, about the adventures of a king named Gilgamesh, a hero named Enkidu and their interactions with gods and monsters. It's considered the very first (surviving) great work of literature.
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