Your two best possiblities are Worldcat and Goodreads.
Worldcat is populated by libraries, and it's a whole lot of libraries. So if the book you want has ever been in a library, anywhere, it's going to have a listing on Worldcat. Of course library access to ebooks is much more hit and miss, but Worldcat is pretty comprehensive. For instance, Stockholm University is hooked up (as are a lot, I'm just using that school because I'm familiar with it), and they are subscribers to a lot of publisher databases of ebooks directly. So a lot of books get in that way.
The reason Goodreads is a good possibility is because among all it's other data sources are the same Ingram ONIX data feeds that bookstores/libraries etc use to feed the catalogues they order from. Unlike bookstores, which are only interested in books currently for sale, GR keeps all the records even when something has been removed from the catalogues. So again, if it's ever been in the Ingram catalogues, it should be in Goodreads.
Finally if it's been released but only on Amazon, you're out of luck if it's no longer for sale, since they don't use ISBN's. But Amazon is always worth searching anyway, I guess. In particular, if you're in the US, try Amazon.com.au or .uk (or even .de) - publishing rights are sold on a territory basis, and it may only be available on one of the stores.
There's caveats of course. Just because it's in none of those places still doesn't mean it's never been released. Ebooks obviously aren't pre-ISBN, but it could still be on a small press etc, that has never been in a library or published in a way that got it into the Ingram feeds. And even then, there are libraries that aren't connected to Worldcat, and days when the ONIX feed is busted or doing weird things like assigning authorship of 100 novels to an obscure Finnish neuroscientist (I've really seen it do that!) It's a data feed, but it's populated by humans, probably interns working at the publishers, so it's prone to human error.
For anyone finding this and looking for info about paper books, I'd add Abebooks. It's by far the most complete second hand book place and since the data comes from sellers all over, and they also don't remove books that they currently have no stock of, if it's ever <i>been</i> sold, it's probably at least listed there.
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