No, you can't export collection info from device without jailbreak.
You could try and see if
this method still works for newer Kindle models and for books in azw3 format. I've never used that "Fetch annotations" even when I had Kindle 3...
As alternative approach you could start using Goodreads to track your read books (if your books are from Kindle Store then it quick and easy to mark them as read on Goodreads using Kindle itself, if not then every time you finish a book on your Kindle you would have to go to Goodreads site or use Goodreads app to to the marking manually) and use Calibre plugin "Goodreads sync" to sync read status from Goodreads website to custom column in Calibre.
That is the workflow I'm using
But in you case you would have to first mark those 100+ books as read on Goodreads
If you think of a way to use you PC to create a .csv file containing ISBN ids of those 100 books you can then import that .csv file to you Goodreads profile.
Or maybe try using "Reading List" plugin (to populate a column based on all the books that are on Kindle) after you have deleted from your Kindle all the books that are not read / that are outside of "read" collection. And then in the future continue by using Goodreads Sync
I'm using the same plugin feature to fill out "on Kindle" (= books I've sent to my Kindle) custom column. After each book transfer "session" I just press shortcut Ctrl + S to update the column and then I can disconnect my Kindle.
Yeah, that looks like the most straightforward approach.
1) Delete non read books from Kindle (because you will be marking as read all the books "Reading List" plugin finds on Kindle)
2) use the plugin to add value "read" (or "yes") value to a custom column
optional steps if you want to start using Goodreads<>Calibre syncing
3) find and select in Calibre library all the books that have been marked as read
4) Goodreads> Add to Shelf> choose "read" shelf
5) For future reads: Mark as read on Goodreads > Sync with Calibre (= add value to custom column)