Welcome!
Have you tried reading Harry Potter? They are aimed for a younger audience (although you would have been a prime target growing up) but hit many of your points and are very accessible. MANY people have found them to be the "gateway drug" to reading and are very good even if you have seen the movies first.
Brandon Sanderson's Reckoner's series may also fit fairly well, starting with
Steelheart.
Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson series maybe? I haven't read it all though.
Jim Butcher's Dresden Files could be another good series for you, some here LOVE it (see
that thread) but I haven't personally finished it all (sorry Alan!)
When I was first starting reading Fantasy was my go-to genre (still is a lot of the time) and I started with things like The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, Terry Brooks' Shannara series, Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time series, lots of Forgotten Realms books (Drizzt mostly), etc. None of those are in a contemporary setting though (although I enjoyed the
Magic Kingdom For Sale: Sold series by Terry Brooks which starts contemporary.)
Your list hits several typical YA (young adult) themes so you might try looking around for other YA books. Since they are intended for young adults they are generally more accessible than books like Game of Thrones for someone who hasn't grown up reading a lot.