I did disabled all plugins and the error message changed to "CorruptError: CorruptError: database disk image is malformed". I found this thread
calibre corrupt error corrupt error database disk image is malformed, which corresponded exactly to my error message and followed the restoring database procedure, which worked almost perfectly.
My only problem left is that I have around 300 books (which is nothing compared to the amount in my library) which are in the library but without any format, altough if I use the "open the containing folder" option, sure enough, the epubs and/or azw3 are there.
What is the most efficient way to have those formats reappear in my library ? I did two library checks already but that did not solve the problem. Apart from that, the Library opens without any error and shows all my books, so that's good.