calibre has the ability to use custom columns to store arbitrary data.
People have successfully written plugins to store a lot of information, much of it in custom columns, for example referencing library ebooks (OverDrive checkout availability), linking to Goodreads and tracking Goodreads shelves, searching for Library of Congress or Dewey Decimal identifiers, etc.
So whatever you want to do can almost certainly be done by a plugin, although you might have to write one to do it -- or get someone else to write it for you.
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