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Alex - as things stand the only metadata items that can be extracted from file names are those you see below
However - if you add the custom columns you want to the library, and you add the books via/with an opf, then if the opf contains the data for a custom column it will be populated - eg if you created a column called origattach/Original Attachment and you had something like this in the opf files
Code:
<meta name="calibre:user_metadata:#origattach" blah-blah, "#value#":"MR attachment id 1234",blah blah>
then that book would put "MR attachment id 1234" in the Original Attachment column.
Which begs the question - how would you go about getting such values into an opf file - I'll leave that to others, who have the requisite scripting and regular expression skills.
BR