Hi vva,
First congratulations for being prepared to try and fix things.
On the underside of the board there should be three distinct pins without any solder connecting them. If there is solder joining them then it should be removed or nothing will work and you may destroy your charger brick. The underside of the board can be cleaned up with a small stiff fibreglass bristle brush.
As far as I know the black block is a diode and is there to prevent problems if a reverse voltage is applied. It only allows current to flow in one direction (think of it as a non return valve). Exactly which way round it goes I am not sure. I am also not sure if it is essential.
First check that there is no solder connecting the three pins, then try powering up the unit. If it works the diode is not essential and is only there for safety. If it doesn't power up get back here and I will try and talk you through what to do next.
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