arspr: As GeoffR said, the browser favourites and some other things are in the config file. You can take a copy of it and restore it later to get them back.
But, as it happens, those database errors are fixable. They all appear to be errors in the indexes. You should be able to to use an SQLite dabatabase management tool to rebuild the indexes. I normally use
SQLite Manager which is a Firefox plugin. It has options to reindex each of the indexes.