Neverness, by David Zindell - it's a large book, but your list seems to indicate that predilection in yourself. If you enjoy it, you can move on to his
Requiem for Homo Sapiens trilogy, though, in my opinion, with
Neverness they're a tetralogy. Someone here did mention that you could read
Neverness last, but if you want to "try", it's probably best to start with the admitted self-containment of
Neverness.
From
Wikipedia:
"Neverness (the title may be an allusion to Borges) concerns a medium far-future world where mathematicians have become a kind of caste or religious order, because of their abilities to do the calculations needed for space travel. It follows one, Mallory Ringess, as he discovers secrets and strangeness in the Universe he inhabits. Amongst these are experiences with the science fiction equivalent of a Goddess who was once a little girl and the discovery of immortals."
The name of the trilogy might give an idea of the kinds of themes it and
Neverness concern themselves with (think "What it is to be human"). It's wonderful SF (though I must admit I've not yet read the last book,
War in Heaven, but only because I read the books as they were released, and that would require me to read
Neverness for a fourth time, and so on with the other books, and I've been procrastinating on that for some years
).
Cheers,
Marc