I am not aware of any such mechanism. You can obtain a hash (eg: SHA) or electronic signature (eg: PGP) of the original file so that it is easy to detect if the file content has been changed. Software downloads use this feature so that people can check what they downloaded against a record of the hash/signature of your website to make sure the file hasn't been tampered with.
The read-only mode in your word-processor is not safe with regard to remote distribution. (If nothing else the contents can always be copied to a new document.)
Some distributors add DRM whether you want them to or not (if it is a book for sale), and so they will change your epub whether you want them to or not.
Software like Calibre may also change epubs - the default settings of its ebook viewer saves a bookmark setting inside the epub itself (or it used to, haven't checked recent versions, I just know it was something I really didn't like, but thankfully it can be turned off).
Here on MR I've even seen comments from readers that correct the content of, and/or adjust the style settings of, their epubs. This is not something I would wish to prevent.
I am curious to know why you are concerned about someone changing the file.
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