Here's a UK Goverment website on UK consumer rights:
http://www.consumerdirect.gov.uk/
And a BBC site:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/consumer/guides_to/
In general, you can claim against the retailer for selling faulty goods. (So that's the same as in the Czech Republic).
The manufacturer's guarantee is an extra. There is no fixed period. I have some items which have a lifetime guarantee. Others don't have a guarantee at all. And all the guarantees can be worthless if the manufacturer goes out of business.
Buying extended warranties is expensive and usually not worth the money (in my opinion).