As Ricky pointed out, different societies and cultures approach things in different ways. Chinese medical practice -- far older than western medical practice -- starts from a different perspective of the body and advances along its own path. Egyptians in pre-Roman days performed brain surgery.
In the 18th century (Patricia may kill me for this one) some philosophers seemed to simply rewrite the Bible by removing the word "God" and inserting "nature" in its place.
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