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edit: I was a bit slow typing and checking. This is the answer to your "ordered list".
Yes, I think that's the right order.
Hm, I'm currently dissecting the initramfs. There seems to be a shell in there, /bin/sh (for experiments using the kernel command line). However, the normal entry is /init, which is a symlink to /bin/recovery-util. That program is responsible for the messages you see on the console after uboot and the one-liner of the kernel. It also displays the rescue system screen (when booting with <Enter> key pressed) and the rescue system menu on serial console. It loads modules, installs update packages (and checks their signatures), and contains the password check routines for whole-mmc export.
I'm in the middle of a disassembler session (and I don't have proper tools for this), but it seems that the password for whole-mmc export is _not_ read from the root file system's /etc/passwd. It is rather directly constructed from the serial number. So resetting the "linux" password should not have had any effect on that. At least that's how I read the disassembly. There are huge gaps in my general overview of it, though.
An interesting side note: This file, recovery-util, also does the set up for a special start mode where the root file system is read via NFS - via the USB ethernet gadget link! However, I'm still unsure on how to trigger that mode - and if it is possible at all. It's the function nfs_boot() in that file (yes, it has symbol information...).
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