Calibre does not automatically have such a feature. After all, putting a book on a device or opening in the viewer is no guarantee you read it
However you can easily add a custom date column that you manually keep updated. That is what I do. Except I do it in as part of my goodreads updating with the Goodreads Sync plugin, so a keystroke will populate my date read column with today and send my rating to goodreads. In the case of re-reading a book it is a simple date edit exercise. You can then sort and filter on that column as you wish.