Not that I am aware of. Remember that calibre is designed to have multiple formats per book record, so it doesn't make sense to have a column that contains data specific to one of those formats. The "size" column is an example of where such attempts fall down - it shows the size of the "largest" format attached, but users with more than one format will find that column pretty useless.
There is a column for the date the book was added to calibre, and a date the book record in calibre was last modified, both are unrelated to the date of the underlying file. Perhaps if you explain why you would want that date we could suggest an alternative, I don't recall ever seeing it being asked for before other than in relation to duplicates (for which the Find Duplicates plugin is a better solution).
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