Sort of. I just tried the following:
I had gotten some Amazon freebies today. I added them to calibre, then checked three of them to make sure the ID field was blank. I then selected all three, and hit ctrl+D for bulk download. On that box, I clicked "configure download", unchecked all the sources except Amazon, then "configure this source" and unchecked all the boxes. I also unchecked everything in the main box there on the right.
After applying the changes, and clicking "download only metadata", the only information downloaded is ASIN & ISBN (if there is one).
So yes, if you don't mind also getting the occasional ISBN as well. Now I'm doing to change my settings back before I forget.
Edited to add: In the "configure source" box for Amazon, be sure to check the "save" button, not just "apply". The checkbox settings on that won't take if you don't click "save". (I missed it because of having both a "save" and "apply" button there.)