There is a method that would only work on ADE-based readers, using the page-template.xpgt extension. See the sections on dynamic styling
here and
here.
But I do
not recommend using it - note that the Adobe page is from an old snapshot, it's actually been taken down from Adobe's own website and they stopped actively supporting this extension many years ago (though AFAIK it still works in current readers). It's also, obviously, extremely non-standard.
This sad situation is not going to change materially with ePub3, since it lacks a page-model. At least you'll be able to use javascript to mutate the styles to suit different displays (and you may be able to do that now if you're targeting iBooks and want different layouts for phone vs iPad), but it'll be a lot of work.