Quote:
According to Ingarden a literary work can be thought of as consisting of four strata - the stratum of word sounds, the stratum of meaning units, the stratum of represented objectivities and the stratum of schematized aspects.
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He seems to be forgetting something; does he talk about typesetting, calligraphy, space on the page? As the Chinese or Japanese will tell you, these are an integral and an important aspect of the literary work. Or just visit
this site.