Ir- A form of the prefix in-. See In- .

Iracund
I´ra•cund, a. [L. iracundus, fr. ira anger.] Irascible; choleric. "Iracund people." Carlyle.

Iranian
I•ra´ni•an, a. Of or pertaining to Iran. — n. A native of Iran; also the Iranian or Persian language, a division of the Aryan family of languages.

Irate
I•rate´, a. [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry. See Ire.] Angry; incensed; enraged. [Recent]
"The irate colonel … stood speechless." Thackeray.
"Mr. Jaggers suddenly became most irate." Dickens.

Ire, n. [F., fr. L. ira.] Anger; wrath. [Poet.]
Syn. — Anger; passion; rage; fury. See Anger.

Ireful
Ire´ful, a. Full of ire; angry; wroth. "The ireful bastard Orleans." Shak. — Ire´ful•ly, adv.

Iridectomy
Ir•i•dec´to•my, n. [Gr.,, iris + cutting out; out + te•mnein to cut.] (Surg.) The act or process of cutting out a portion of the iris in order to form an artificial pupil.

Iridescent
Ir•i•des´cent ( 277), a. [L. iris, iridis, the rainbow: cf. F. iridescent.] Having colors like the rainbow; exhibiting a play of changeable colors; nacreous; prismatic; as iridescent glass.

Iridious
I•rid´i•ous (i•rid"i•us), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to iridium; — applied specifically to compounds in which iridium has a low valence.

Iridize
Ir´i•dize, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Iridized p. pr. & vb. n. Iridizing ]
1. To point or tip with iridium, as a gold pen.
2. To make iridescent; as to iridize glass.

Iridoline
I•rid´o•line, n. [ Iridescent + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base C₁₀H₉N, extracted from coal-tar naphtha, as an oily liquid. It is a member of the quinoline series, and is probably identical with lepidine. { Ir•i•dos´mine, Ir•i•dos´mi•um } n. [ Iridium + osmium.] (Min.) The native compound of iridium and osmium. It is found in flattened metallic grains of extreme hardness, and is often used for pointing gold pens.

Iriscope
I´ri•scope, n. [ Iris + - scope.] A philosophical toy for exhibiting the prismatic tints by means of thin films.

Irish
I´rish, a. [AS. risc, fr. ras the Irish. Cf. Aryan, Erse.] Of or pertaining to Ireland or to its inhabitants; produced in Ireland. Irish elk. (Zoöl.) See under Elk. — Irish moss. (a) (Bot.) Carrageen. (b) A preparation of the same made into a blanc mange. — Irish poplin. See Poplin. — Irish potato, the ordinary white potato, so called because it is a favorite article of food in Ireland. — Irish reef, or Irishman’s reef (Naut.), the head of a sail tied up. — Irish stew, meat, potatoes, and onions, cut in small pieces and stewed.

Irish
I•rish´, n. sing. & pl.
1. pl. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, esp. the Celtic natives or their descendants.
2. The language of the Irish; the Hiberno- Celtic.
3. An old game resembling backgammon.

Irishry
I´rish•ry, n. The Celtic people of Ireland. "The whole Irishry of rebels." Milton.

Irk (erk), v. t. [OE. irken to tire, become tired; cf. Sw. yrka to urge, enforce, press, or G. ekel disgust, MHG. erklich disgusting; perh. akin to L. urgere to urge, E. urge.] To weary; to give pain; to annoy; — used only impersonally at present.
"To see this sight, it irks my very soul." Shak.
"It irketh him to be here." M. Arnold.

Iron
I´ron (i"urn), n. [OE. iren, AS. iren, isen, isern; akin to D. ijzer, OS. isarn, OHG. isarn, isan, G. eisen, Icel. isarn, jarn, Sw. & Dan. jern, and perh. to E. ice; cf. Ir. iarann, W. haiarn, Armor. houarn.]
1. (Chem.) The most common and most useful metallic element, being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron, steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown, from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or on a fresh surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized (rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol Fe (Latin Ferrum). Atomic weight 55.9. Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86; cast iron, 7.1. In magnetic properties, it is superior to all other substances. The value of iron is largely due to the facility with which it can be worked. Thus, when heated it is malleable and ductile, and can be easily welded and forged at a high temperature. As cast iron, it is easily fusible; as steel, is very tough, and (when tempered) very hard and elastic. Chemically, iron is grouped with cobalt and nickel. Steel is a variety of iron containing more carbon than wrought iron, but less that cast iron. It is made either from wrought iron, by roasting in a packing of carbon ( cementation) or from cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer converter (then called Bessemer steel), or directly from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and generating furnace).
2. An instrument or utensil made of iron; — chiefly in composition; as a flat iron, a smoothing iron, etc.
"My young soldier, put up your iron." Shak.
3. pl. Fetters; chains; handcuffs; manacles.
"Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons." Macaulay.
4. Strength; power; firmness; inflexibility; as to rule with a rod of iron. Bar iron. See Wrought iron (below). — Bog iron, bog ore; limonite. See Bog ore, under Bog. — Cast iron (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite. It there is little free carbon, the product is white iron; if much of the carbon has separated as graphite, it is called gray iron. See also Cast iron, in the Vocabulary. — Fire irons. See under Fire, n. — Gray irons. See under Fire, n. — Gray iron. See Cast iron (above). — It irons (Naut.), said of a sailing vessel, when, in tacking, she comes up head to the wind and will not fill away on either tack. — Magnetic iron. See Magnetite. — Malleable iron (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable. — Meteoric iron (Chem.), iron forming a large, and often the chief, ingredient of meteorites. It invariably contains a small amount of nickel and cobalt. Cf. Meteorite. — Pig iron, the form in which cast iron is made at the blast furnace, being run into molds, called pigs. — Reduced iron. See under Reduced. — Specular iron. See Hematite. — Too many irons in the fire, too many objects requiring the attention at once. — White iron. See Cast iron (above). — Wrought iron (Metal.), the purest form of iron commonly known in the arts, containing only about half of one per cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore, as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying ( puddling) cast iron in a reverberatory furnace or refinery. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. When formed into bars, it is called bar iron.

Iron
I´ron (i"urn), a. [AS. iren, isen. See Iron, n. ]
1. Of, or made of iron; consisting of iron; as an iron bar, dust.
2. Resembling iron in color; as iron blackness.
3. Like iron in hardness, strength, impenetrability, power of endurance, insensibility, etc.; as: (a) Rude; hard; harsh; severe.
"Iron years of wars and dangers." Rowe.
"Jove crushed the nations with an iron rod." Pope. (b) Firm; robust; enduring; as an iron constitution. (c) Inflexible; unrelenting; as an iron will. (d) Not to be broken; holding or binding fast; tenacious. "Him death’s iron sleep oppressed." Philips. Iron is often used in composition, denoting made of iron, relating to iron, of or with iron; producing iron, etc.; resembling iron, literally or figuratively, in some of its properties or characteristics; as iron-shod, iron-sheathed, iron-fisted, iron-framed, iron-handed, iron-hearted, iron foundry or iron-foundry. Iron age. (a) (Myth.) The age following the golden, silver, and bronze ages, and characterized by a general degeneration of talent and virtue, and of literary excellence. In Roman literature the Iron Age is commonly regarded as beginning after the taking of Rome by the Goths, A. D. 410. (b) (Archaeol.) That stage in the development of any people characterized by the use of iron implements in the place of the more cumbrous stone and bronze. — Iron cement, a cement for joints, composed of cast-iron borings or filings, sal ammoniac, etc. — Iron clay (Min.), a yellowish clay containing a large proportion of an ore of iron. — Iron cross, a Prussian order of military merit; also the decoration of the order. — Iron crown, a golden crown set with jewels, belonging originally to the Lombard kings, and indicating the dominion of Italy. It was so called from containing a circle said to have been forged from one of the nails in the cross of Christ. — Iron flint (Min.), an opaque, flintlike, ferruginous variety of quartz. — Iron founder, a maker of iron castings. — Iron foundry, the place where iron castings are made. - - Iron furnace, a furnace for reducing iron from the ore, or for melting iron for castings, etc.; a forge; a reverberatory; a bloomery. — Iron glance (Min.), hematite. — Iron hat, a headpiece of iron or steel, shaped like a hat with a broad brim, and used as armor during the Middle Ages. — Iron horse, a locomotive engine. [Colloq.] — Iron liquor, a solution of an iron salt, used as a mordant by dyers. — Iron man (Cotton Manuf.), a name for the self-acting spinning mule. — Ironmold or mould, a yellow spot on cloth stained by rusty iron. — Iron ore (Min.), any native compound of iron from which the metal may be profitably extracted. The principal ores are magnetite, hematite, siderite, limonite, Göthite, turgite, and the bog and clay iron ores. — Iron pyrites (Min.), common pyrites, or pyrite. See Pyrites. — Iron sand, an iron ore in grains, usually the magnetic iron ore, formerly used to sand paper after writing. — Iron scale, the thin film which forms on the surface of wrought iron in the process of forging. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide of iron, Fe₃O₄. — Iron works, a furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling mill, or foundry, where it is made into heavy work, such as shafting, rails, cannon, merchant bar, etc.

Iron
I´ron, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Ironed p. pr. & vb. n. Ironing.]
1. To smooth with an instrument of iron; especially, to smooth, as cloth, with a heated flatiron; — sometimes used with out.
2. To shackle with irons; to fetter or handcuff. "Ironed like a malefactor." Sir W. Scott.
3. To furnish or arm with iron; as to iron a wagon.

Iron
I´ron (i"urn), n. (Golf) An iron-headed club with a deep face, chiefly used in making approaches, lifting a ball over hazards, etc.

Ironbark tree
I"ron•bark• tree (Bot.) The Australian Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, used largely by carpenters and shipbuilders; — called also ironwood.

Ironing
I´ron•ing, n.
1. The act or process of smoothing, as clothes, with hot flatirons.
2. The clothes ironed. Ironing board, a flat board, upon which clothes are laid while being ironed.

Ironware
I´ron•ware, n. Articles made of iron, as household utensils, tools, and the like.

Irp (erp), a. Making irps. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Ir•ra´di•ance (ir•ra"di• ans), Ir•ra´di•an•cy (- an•sy), } n. [From Irradiant.]
1. The act of irradiating; emission of rays of light.
2. That which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor; irradiation; brilliancy. Milton.

Irradiant
Ir•ra´di•ant, a. [L. irradians, -antis, p. pr. See Irradiate.] Irradiating or illuminating; as the irradiant moon. Boyse.

Irradiate
Ir•ra´di•ate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Irradiated p. pr. & vb. n. Irradiating ] [L. irradiatus, p. p. of irradiate. See In- in, and Radiate.]
1. To throw rays of light upon; to illuminate; to brighten; to adorn with luster.
"Thy smile irradiates yon blue fields." Sir W. Jones.
2. To enlighten intellectually; to illuminate; as to irradiate the mind. Bp. Bull.
3. To animate by heat or light. Sir M. Hale.
4. To radiate, shed, or diffuse.
"A splendid façade, … irradiating hospitality." H. James.

Irradiate
Ir•ra´di•ate, v. i. To emit rays; to shine.

Irradiate
Ir•ra´di•ate, a. [L. irradiatus, p. p.] Illuminated; irradiated. Mason.

Irrationality
Ir•ra•tion•al´i•ty, n. The quality or state of being irrational. "Brutish irrationaliity." South.

Irrecured
Ir•re•cured´, a. Incurable. [Obs.]

Irrefrangibility
Ir•re•fran•gi•bil´i•ty, n. The quality or state of being irrefrangible; irrefrangibleness.

Irregeneracy
Ir•re•gen´er•a•cy, n. Unregeneracy.

Irreligionist
Ir•re•li´gion•ist, n. One who is irreligious.

Irreligiously
Ir•re•li´gious•ly, adv. In an irreligious manner.

Irremediable
Ir•re•me´di•a•ble, a. [L. irremediabilis: cf. F. irremediable. See In- not, and Remediable.] Not to be remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable; as an irremediable disease or evil.

Irremediableness
Ir•re•me´di•a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irremediable.

Irremission
Ir•re•mis´sion, n. Refusal of pardon.

Irrenowned
Ir•re•nowned´, a. Not renowned. [Obs.]

Irreparableness
Ir•rep´a•ra•ble•ness, n. Quality of being irreparable.

Irrepresentable
Ir•rep•re•sent´a•ble, a. Not capable of being represented or portrayed.

Irresolubleness
Ir•res´o•lu•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irresoluble; insolubility.

Irresolvableness
Ir•re•solv´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being irresolvable; irresolvability.

Irresponsibility
Ir•re•spon•si•bil´i•ty, n. [Cf. F. irresponsabilite.] Want of, or freedom from, responsibility or accountability.

Irreverently
Ir•rev´er•ent•ly, adv. In an irreverent manner.

Irrevokable
Ir•re•vok´a•ble, a. [Pref. ir- not + revoke.] Irrevocable. [R.]

Irrigation
Ir•ri•ga´tion, n. [L. irrigatio: cf. F. irrigation.] The act or process of irrigating, or the state of being irrigated; especially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants.

Irrisible
Ir•ris´i•ble, a. [Pref. ir- not + risible. See Irrision.] Not risible. [R.]

Irrision
Ir•ri´sion, n. [L. irrisio, fr. irridere, irrisum, to laugh at; pref. ir- in + ridere to laugh: cf. F. irrision.] The act of laughing at another; derision.
"This being spoken scepticè, or by way of irrision." Chapman.

Irritable
Ir´ri•ta•ble, a. [L. irritabilis: cf. F. irritable. See Irritate.]
1. Capable of being irritated.
2. Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily inflamed or exasperated; as an irritable temper.
"Vicious, old, and irritable." Tennyson.
3. (Physiol.) Endowed with irritability; susceptible of irritation; capable of being excited to action by the application of certain stimuli.
4. (Med.) Susceptible of irritation; unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. See Irritation, n. , 3.
Syn. — Excitable; irascible; touchy; fretful; peevish.

Irritableness
Ir´ri•ta•ble•ness, n. Irritability.

Irritant
Ir´ri•tant, a. [LL. irritants, -antis, p. pr. of irritare to make null, fr. L. irritus void; pref. ir- not + ratus established.] (Scots Law) Rendering null and void; conditionally invalidating.
"The states elected Harry, Duke of Anjou, for their king, with this clause irritant; that, if he did violate any part of his oath, the people should owe him no allegiance." Hayward.

Irritant
Ir´ri•tant, a. [L. irritans, -antis, p. pr. of irritare: cf. F. irritant. See Irritate to excite.] Irritating; producing irritation or inflammation.

Irritant
Ir´ri•tant, n. [Cf. F. irritant.]
1. That which irritates or excites.
2. (Physiol. & Med.) Any agent by which irritation is produced; as a chemical irritant; a mechanical or electrical irritant.
3. (Toxicology) A poison that produces inflammation. Counter irritant. See under Counter. — Pure irritant (Toxicology), a poison that produces inflammation without any corrosive action upon the tissues.

Irritate
Ir´ri•tate, v. t. [See 1 st Irritant.] To render null and void. [R.] Abp. Bramhall.

Irritate
Ir´ri•tate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Irritated p. pr. & vb. n. Irritating ] [L. irritatus, p. p. of irritare. Of doubtful origin.]
1. To increase the action or violence of; to heighten excitement in; to intensify; to stimulate.
"Cold maketh the spirits vigorous and irritateth them." Bacon.
2. To excite anger or displeasure in; to provoke; to tease; to exasperate; to annoy; to vex; as the insolence of a tyrant irritates his subjects.
"Dismiss the man, nor irritate the god: Prevent the rage of him who reigns above." Pope.
3. (Physiol.) To produce irritation in; to stimulate; to cause to contract. See Irritation, n. , 2.
4. (Med.) To make morbidly excitable, or oversensitive; to fret; as the skin is irritated by friction; to irritate a wound by a coarse bandage.
Syn. — To fret; inflame; excite; provoke; tease; vex; exasperate; anger; incense; enrage. — To Irritate, Provoke, Exasperate. These words express different stages of excited or angry feeling. Irritate denotes an excitement of quick and slightly angry feeling which is only momentary; as irritated by a hasty remark. To provoke implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger; as a provoking insult. Exasperate denotes a provoking of anger at something unendurable. Whatever comes across our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger provokes; whatever raises anger to a high point exasperates. "Susceptible and nervous people are most easily irritated; proud people are quickly provoked; hot and fiery people are soonest exasperated." Crabb.

Irritate
Ir´ri•tate, a. Excited; heightened. [Obs.]

Irruption
Ir•rup´tion, n. [L. irruptio: cf. F. irruption. See Irrupted.]
1. A bursting in; a sudden, violent rushing into a place; as irruptions of the sea.
"Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep." Milton.
2. A sudden and violent inroad, or entrance of invaders; as the irruptions of the Goths into Italy. Addison.
Syn. — Invasion; incursion; inroad. See Invasion.

Irruptive
Ir•rup´tive, a. Rushing in or upon.