Cibation
Ci•ba´tion, n. [L. cibatio, fr. cibare to feed.]
1. The act of taking food.
2. (Alchemy) The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucible with fresh material. B. Jonson.

Cibol
Cib´ol, n. [F. ciboule, LL. cepula, cepola, dim. of L. cepa, caepa, caepe, an onion. Cf. Chibbal, Cives.] A perennial alliaceous plant ( Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery.

Cicada
Ci•ca´da (si•ka"da), n. ; pl. E. Cicadas (- daz), L. Cicadae (-de). [L.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by peculiar organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species ( C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

Cicala
Ci•ca´la (che•kä"la), n. [It., fr. L. cicada.] A cicada. See Cicada. "At eve a dry cicala sung." Tennison.

Cicatricial
Cic•a•tri´cial, a. (Med.) Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix. Dunglison.

Cicatricle
Cic´a•tri•cle, n. [Cf. F. cicatricule, fr. L. cicatricula a small scar, fr. cicatrix a scar.] (Biol.) The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins.

Cicatrisive
Cic´a•tri•sive, a. Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound.

Cicatrix
Ci•ca´trix, n. ; pl. Cicatrices (#). [L.] (Med.) The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar.

Cicatrizant
Cic´a•tri•zant, n. [Cf. F. cicatrisant, properly p. pr. of cicatriser.] (Med.) A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix.

Cicatrization
Cic•a•tri•za´tion, n. [Cf. F. cicatrisation.] (Med.) The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized.

Cicatrize
Cic´a•trize, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Cicatrized p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] [Cf. F. cicatriser, fr. cicatrice, L. cicatrix, scar.] (Med.) To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Wiseman.

Cicatrize
Cic´a•trize, v. i. (Med.) To heal; to have a new skin.

Cicatrose
Cic´a•trose, a. Full of scars. Craig.

Cicely
Cic´e•ly, n. [L. seselis, Gr., ; perh. ultimately of Egyptian origin.] (Bot.) Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc.

Cicero
Cic´e•ro, n. (Print.) Pica type; — so called by French printers.

Cicerone
Ci•ce•ro´ne, n. ; pl. It. Ciceroni (#), E. Cicerones (#). [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman orator. So called from the ordinary talkativeness of such a guide.] One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide.
"Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows strangers about their picture galleries, palaces, and ruins, is termed by them [the Italians] a cicerone, or a Cicero." - Trench.

Ciceronian
Cic•e•ro´ni•an, a. [L. Ciceronianus, fr. Cicero, the orator.] Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent.

Ciceronianism
Cic•e•ro´ni•an•ism, n. Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. "Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford." Sir P. Sidney.

Cichoraceous
Cich•o•ra´ceous, a. [See Chicory.] Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory ( Cichorium) is the type.

Cicisbeism
Ci•cis´be•ism, n. The state or conduct of a cicisbeo.

Cicisbeo
Ci•cis•be´o, n. ; pl. It. Cicisbei (#). [It.]
1. A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women.
2. A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc. [Obs.]

Ciclatoun
Cic´la•toun, n. [Of. ciclaton.] A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] [Written also checklaton, chekelatoun.]
"His robe was of ciclatoun, That coste many a Jane." - Chaucer.

Cicurate
Cic´u•rate, v. t. [L. cicurare to tame, fr. cicur tame.] To tame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cicuration
Cic•u•ra´tion, n. [Cf. F. cicuration.] The act of taming. [Obs.] Ray.

Cicuta
Ci•cu´ta, n. [L., the poison hemlock.] (Bot.) a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known. The name cicuta is sometimes erroneously applied to Conium maculatum, or officinal hemlock.

Cicutoxin
Cic•u•tox´in, n. (Chem.) The active principle of the water hemlock ( Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance.

Cid, n. [Sp., fr. Ar. seid lord.]
1. Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century.
2. An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz.

Cider
Ci´der, n. [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a kind of strong drink, Gr. ; of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. shakar to be intoxicated, shekar strong drink.] The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes. Cider was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor, but was not applied to wine. Cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider. — Cider mill, a mill in which cider is made. — Cider press, the press of a cider mill.

Ciderist
Ci•der•ist, n. A maker of cider. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Ciderkin
Ci´der•kin, n. [ Cider + -kin.] A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water.
"Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place of small beer." - Mortimer.

Ci-devant
Ci•-de•vant´, a. [F., hitherto, formerly.] Former; previous; of times gone by; as a ci-devant governor.

Cierge, n. [F., fr. L. cera wax.] A wax candle used in religous rites.

Cigar
Ci•gar´ (si•gär"), n. [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.] A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. Cigar fish (Zoöl.), a fish ( Decapterus punctatus), allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Cigarette
Cig•a•rette´, n. [F. cigarette.] A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

Cilia
Cil´i•a, n. pl.Cilium, the sing., is rarely used. [L. cilium eyelid.]
1. (Anat.) The eyelashes.
2. (Biol.) Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs.
3. (Bot.) Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash.
4. (Zoöl.) Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

Ciliary
Cil´ia•ry, a. [Cf. F. ciliaire.]
1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc.
2. (Biol.) Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as ciliary motion.

Ciliata
Cil•i•a´ta, n. pl. [NL. See Cilia.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth. { Cil´i•ate, Cil´i•a•ted } a. Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe.

Cilicious
Ci•li´cious, a. [L. cilicium a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat’s hair, fr. Cilicious Cilician, fr. Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. [Obs.]
"A Cilicious or sackcloth habit." - Sir T. Browne.
{ Cil´i•form, Cil´i•i•form• } a. [ Cilium + -form] Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender.

Ciliograde
Cil´i•o•grade, a. [ Cilium + L. gradi to step: cf. F. ciliograde.] (Zoöl.) Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as the ciliograde Medusae.

Cilium
Cil´i•um, n. [L., eyelid.] See Cilia.

Cima
Ci´ma, n. (Arch.) A kind of molding. See Cyma.

Cimbia
Cim´bi•a, n. (Arch.) A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it. [Written also cimia.]

Cimbrian
Cim´bri•an, a. Of or pertaining to the Cimbri. — n. One of the Cimbri. See Cimbric.

Cimeliarch
Ci•me´li•arch, n. [L. cimeliarcha, Gr., treasurer.] A superintendent or keeper of a church’s valuables; a churchwarden. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cimeter
Cim´e•ter, n. See Scimiter.

Cimmerian
Cim•me´ri•an, a. [L. Cimmerius.] [Written also Kimmerian.]
1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, said to have lived, in very ancient times, in profound and perpetual darkness.
2. Without any light; intensely dark.
"In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell." - Milton.

Cimolite
Cim´o•lite, n. [Gr. (sc. ) Cimolian earth, fr., L. Cimolus, an island of the Cyclades.] (Min.) A soft, earthy, clayey mineral, of whitish or grayish color.

Cinch, n. [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.]
1. A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [West. U. S.]
2. A tight grip. [Colloq.]

Cinch, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Cinched p. pr. & vb. n. Cinch"ing.]
1. To put a cinch upon; to girth tightly. [Western U. S.]
2. To get a sure hold upon; to get into a tight place, as for forcing submission. [Slang, U. S.]

Cinch, v. i. To perform the action of cinching; to tighten the cinch; — often with up. [Western U. S.]

Cinch, n. [Cf. cinch a girth, a tight grip, as v., to get a sure hold upon; perh. so named from the tactics used in the game; also cf. Sp. cinco five (the five spots of the color of the trump being important cards).] A variety of auction pitch in which a draw to improve the hand is added, and the five of trumps (called right pedro) and the five of the same color (called left pedro, and ranking between the five and the four of trumps) each count five on the score. Fifty-one points make a game. Called also double pedro and high five.

Cinch, v. t. In the game of cinch, to protect (a trick) by playing a higher trump than the five.

Cinchona
Cin•cho´na, n. [So named from the wife of Count Chinchon, viceroy of Peru in the seventeenth century, who by its use was freed from an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain, contributed to the general propagation of this remedy.]
1. (Bot.) A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value.
2. (Med.) The bark of any species of Cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits’ bark.

Cinchonaceous
Cin•cho•na´ceous, a. Allied or pertaining to cinchona, or to the plants that produce it.

Cinchonic
Cin•chon´ic, a. Belonging to, or obtained from, cinchona. Mayne.

Cinchonidine
Cin•chon´i•dine, n. [From Cinchona.] (Chem.) One of the quinine group of alkaloids, found especially in red cinchona bark. It is a white crystalline substance, C₁₉H₂₂N₂O, with a bitter taste and qualities similar to, but weaker than, quinine; — sometimes called also cinchonidia.

Cincinnati epoch
Cin•cin•na"ti ep"och (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the American lower Silurian system. The rocks are well developed near Cincinnati, Ohio. The group includes the Hudson River and Lorraine shales of New York.

Cincinnus
Cin•cin´nus, n. ; pl. - ni(#). [Also cicinus, cicinnus.] [L., a curl of hair.] (Bot.) A form of monochasium in which the lateral branches arise alternately on opposite sides of the false axis; — called also scorpioid cyme. — Cin•cin´nal (#), a.

Cincture
Cinc´ture, n. [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.]
1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body, — as by an ecclesiastic for confining the alb.
2. That which encompasses or incloses; an inclosure. "Within the cincture of one wall." Bacon.
3. (Arch.) The fillet, listel, or band next to the apophyge at the extremity of the shaft of a column.

Cinctured
Cinc´tured, n. Having or wearing a cincture or girdle.

Cinder
Cin´der (sin"der), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross; akin to Icel. sindr dross, Sw. sinder, G. sinter, D. sintel; perh. influenced by F. cendre ashes, fr. L. cinis. Cf. Sinter.]
1. Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct.
2. A hot coal without flame; an ember. Swift.
3. A scale thrown off in forging metal.
4. The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano. Cinder frame, a framework of wire in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to arrest the escape of cinders. — Cinder notch (Metal.), the opening in a blast furnace, through which melted cinder flows out.

Cinefaction
Cin•e•fac´tion, n. [LL. cinefactio: L. cinis ashes + facere to make: cf. F. cinefaction.] Cineration; reduction to ashes. [Obs.] { Cin•e•mat´ic, Cin•e•mat´ic•al }, a. See Kinematic.

Cinematographer
Cin•e•ma•tog´ra•pher, n. One who exhibits moving pictures or who takes chronophotographs by the cinematograph. — Cin•e•mat•o•graph´ic (#), a. — Cin•e•mat•o•graph´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Cinemograph
Ci•ne´mo•graph, n. [Gr. motion + -graph.] An integrating anemometer.

Cineraceous
Cin•er•a´ceous, a. [L. cineraceus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; cinereous.

Cineraria
Cin•e•ra´ri•a, n. [NL., fr. LL. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes. So called from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] (Bot.) A Linnaean genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

Cinerary
Cin´er•a•ry, a. [L. cinerarius, fr. cinis ashes.] Pertaining to ashes; containing ashes. Cinerary urns, vessels used by the ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead when burned.

Cineration
Cin•er•a´tion, n. [L. cinis ashes: cf. F. cineration.] The reducing of anything to ashes by combustion; cinefaction.

Cinereous
Ci•ne´re•ous, a. [L. cinereus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; grayish.

Cinerescent
Cin•er•es´cent, a. Somewhat cinereous; of a color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes.

Cineritious
Cin•er•i´tious, a. [L. cineritius, cinericius, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; having the color of ashes, — as the cortical substance of the brain.

Cinerulent
Ci•ner´u•lent, a. Full of ashes. [Obs.]

Cingalese
Cin•ga•lese´, n. sing. & pl. [Cf. F. Cingalais.] A native or natives of Ceylon descended from its primitive inhabitants; also ( sing. ), the language of the Cingalese. — a. Of or pertaining to the Cingalese. [Written also Singhalese.] Ceylonese is applied to the inhabitants of the island in general.

Cingle
Cin´gle, n. [L. cingula, cingulum, fr. cingere to gird.] A girth. [R.] See Surcingle.

Cinnabar
Cin´na•bar, n. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. ; prob. of Oriental origin; cf. Per. qinbar, Hind. shangarf.]
1. (Min.) Red sulphide of mercury, occurring in brilliant red crystals, and also in red or brown amorphous masses. It is used in medicine.
2. The artificial red sulphide of mercury used as a pigment; vermilion. Cinnabar Graecorum . [L. Graecorum, gen. pl., of the Greeks.] (Med.) Same as Dragon’s blood. — Green cinnabar, a green pigment consisting of the oxides of cobalt and zinc subjected to the action of fire. — Hepatic cinnabar (Min.), an impure cinnabar of a liver-brown color and submetallic luster.

Cinnamene
Cin´na•mene, n. [From Cinnamic.] (Chem.) Styrene (which was formerly called cinnamene because obtained from cinnamic acid). See Styrene.

Cinnamyl
Cin´na•myl, n. [ Cinnamic + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical, (C₆H₅. C₂H₂)₂C, of cinnamic compounds. [Formerly written also cinnamule.]

Cinnoline
Cin´no•line, n. [ Cinnamic + quin oline.] A nitrogenous organic base, C₈H₆N₂, analogous to quinoline, obtained from certain complex diazo compounds.

Cinque, n. [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five. See Five.] Five; the number five in dice or cards.

Cinquecento
Cin•que•cen´to, n. & a. [It., five hundred, abbrev. for fifteen hundred. The Cinquecento style was so called because it arose after the year 1500.] The sixteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as the sculpture of the Cinquecento; Cinquecento style.

Cinquefoil
Cinque´foil, n. [ Cinque five + foil, F. feuille leaf. See Foil.]
1. (Bot.) The name of several different species of the genus Potentilla; — also called five-finger, because of the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand.
2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having five points or cups, used in windows, panels, etc. Gwilt. Marsh cinquefoil, the Potentilla palustris, a plant with purple flowers which grows in fresh- water marshes.

Cinque-spotted
Cinque´-spot•ted, a. Five- spotted. [R.] Shak.

Cinter
Cin´ter, n. [F. cintre.] (Arch.) See Center.

Cipherer
Ci´pher•er, n. One who ciphers.

Cipherhood
Ci´pher•hood, n. Nothingness. [R.] Goodwin.

Cipolin
Cip´o•lin, n. [It. cippollino, prop., a little onion, fr. cipolla onion (cf. E. cibol). So called because its veins consist, like onions, of different strata, one lying upon another.] (Min.) A whitish marble, from Rome, containiing pale greenish zones. It consists of calcium carbonate, with zones and cloudings of talc.

Cippus
Cip´pus, n. ; pl. Cippi (#). [L., stake, post.] A small, low pillar, square or round, commonly having an inscription, used by the ancients for various purposes, as for indicating the distances of places, for a landmark, for sepulchral inscriptions, etc. Gwilt.

Circ, n. [See Circus.] An amphitheatrical circle for sports; a circus. [R.] T. Warton.

Circean
Cir•ce´an, a. [L. Circaeus.] Having the characteristics of Circe, daughter of Sol and Perseis, a mythological enchantress, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts; pleasing, but noxious; as a Circean draught. { Cir•cen´sial, Cir•cen´sian } a. [L. Circensis, ludi Circenses, the games in the Circus Maximus.] Of or pertaining to, or held in, the Circus, In Rome.
"The pleasure of the Circensian shows." - Holyday.

Circinal
Cir´ci•nal, a. [Gr. a circle.] (Bot.) Circinate.

Circinate
Cir´ci•nate, a. [L. circinatus, p. p. of circinare to make round, fr. circinus a pair of compasses, from Gr. a circle.] (Bot.) Rolled together downward, the tip occupying the center; — a term used in reference to foliation or leafing, as in ferns. Gray.

Circinate
Cir´ci•nate, v. t. To make a circle around; to encompass. [Obs.] Bailey.

Circination
Cir•ci•na´tion, n. [L. circinatio circle.]
1. An orbicular motion. [Obs.] bailey.
2. A circle; a concentric layer. [Obs.] "The circinations and spherical rounds of onions." Sir T. Browne.

Circle
Cir´cle (ser"k’l), n. [OE. cercle, F. cercle, fr. L. circulus (Whence also AS. circul), dim. of circus circle, akin to Gr. kri•kos, ki•rkos, circle, ring. Cf. Circus, Circum-.]
1. A plane figure, bounded by a single curve line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center.
2. The line that bounds such a figure; a circumference; a ring.
3. (Astron.) An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle. When it is fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y’s, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle.
4. A round body; a sphere; an orb.
"It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth." - Is. xi. 22.
5. Compass; circuit; inclosure.
"In the circle of this forest." - Shak.
6. A company assembled, or conceived to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie; a class or division of society; a coterie; a set.
"As his name gradually became known, the circle of his acquaintance widened." - Macaulay.
7. A circular group of persons; a ring.
8. A series ending where it begins, and repeating itself.
"Thus in a circle runs the peasant’s pain." - Dryden.
9. (Logic) A form of argument in which two or more unproved statements are used to prove each other; inconclusive reasoning.
"That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and, again, that gravity is a quality whereby a heavy body descends, is an impertinent circle and teaches nothing." - Glanvill.
10. Indirect form of words; circumlocution. [R.]
"Has he given the lie, In circle, or oblique, or semicircle." - J. Fletcher.
11. A territorial division or district. The Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, ten in number, were those principalities or provinces which had seats in the German Diet. Azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. — Circle of altitude (Astron.), a circle parallel to the horizon, having its pole in the zenith; an almucantar. — Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve (Below). — Circle of declination. See under Declination. — Circle of latitude. (a) (Astron.) A great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. (b) (Spherical Projection) A small circle of the sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. — Circles of longitude, lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. — Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. — Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of the space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. — Circle of the sphere, a circle upon the surface of the sphere, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. — Diurnal circle. See under Diurnal. — Dress circle, a gallery in a theater, generally the one containing the prominent and more expensive seats. — Druidical circles (Eng. Antiq.), a popular name for certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged, as at Stonehenge, near Salisbury. — Family circle, a gallery in a theater, usually one containing inexpensive seats. — Horary circles (Dialing), the lines on dials which show the hours. — Osculating circle of a curve (Geom.), the circle which touches the curve at some point in the curve, and close to the point more nearly coincides with the curve than any other circle. This circle is used as a measure of the curvature of the curve at the point, and hence is called circle of curvature. — Pitch circle. See under Pitch. — Vertical circle, an azimuth circle. — Voltaiccircle or circuit. See under Circuit. — To square the circle. See under Square.
Syn. — Ring; circlet; compass; circuit; inclosure.

Circle
Cir´cle, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circled p. pr. & vb. n. Circling ] [OE. cerclen, F. cercler, fr. L. circulare to make round. See Circle, n. , and cf. Circulate.]
1. To move around; to revolve around.
"Other planets circle other suns." - Pope.
2. To encompass, as by a circle; to surround; to inclose; to encircle. Prior. Pope.
"Their heads are circled with a short turban." - Dampier.
"So he lies, circled with evil." - Coleridge.
To circle in, to confine; to hem in; to keep together; as to circle bodies in. Sir K. Digby.

Circle
Cir´cle, v. i. To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate.
"Thy name shall circle round the gaping through." - Byron.

Circled
Cir´cled, a. Having the form of a circle; round. "Monthly changes in her circled orb." Shak.

Circler
Cir´cler, n. A mean or inferior poet, perhaps from his habit of wandering around as a stroller; an itinerant poet. also a name given to the cyclic poets. See under Cyclic, a. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Circocele
Cir´co•cele, n. See Cirsocele.

Circuiteer
Cir•cuit•eer´, n. A circuiter. Pope.

Circuiter
Cir´cuit•er, n. One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge. [R.] R. Whitlock.

Circuition
Cir•cu•i´tion, n. [L. circuitio. See Circuit.] The act of going round; circumlocution. [R.]

Circuity
Cir•cu´i•ty, n. A going round in a circle; a course not direct; a roundabout way of proceeding.

Circulable
Cir´cu•la•ble, a. That may be circulated.

Circular
Cir´cu•lar, a. [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.]
1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.
2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as circular reasoning.
3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic.
"Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido?" - Dennis.
4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as a circular letter.
"A proclamation of Henry III., … doubtless circular throughout England." - Hallam.
5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.]
"A man so absolute and circular In all those wished-for rarities that may take A virgin captive." - Massinger.
Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle. — Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. — Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function. — Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360°. — Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. — Circularnote or letter. (a) (Com.) See under Credit. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. — Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. Bailey. Barlow. — Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. — Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization. — Circular or Globularsailing (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. — Circular saw. See under Saw.

Circular
Cir´cu•lar, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. circulaire, lettre circulaire. See Circular, a. ]
1. A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as a business circular.
2. A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.

Circularity
Cir•cu•lar´i•ty, n. [LL. circularitas.] The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.

Circularly
Cir´cu•lar•ly, adv. In a circular manner.

Circulary
Cir´cu•la•ry, a. Circular; illogical. [Obs. & .] "Cross and circulary speeches." Hooker.

Circulate
Cir´cu•late (#), v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Circulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] [L. circulatus, p. p. of circulare, v. t., to surround, make round, circulari, v. i., to gather into a circle. See Circle.]
1. To move in a circle or circuitously; to move round and return to the same point; as the blood circulates in the body. Boyle.
2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as money circulates; a story circulates. Circulating decimal. See Decimal. — Circulating library, a library whose books are loaned to the public, usually at certain fixed rates. — Circulating medium. See Medium.

Circulate
Cir´cu•late, v. t. To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit. Circulating pump. See under Pump.
Syn. — To spread; diffuse; propagate; disseminate.

Circulative
Cir´cu•la•tive, a. Promoting circulation; circulating. [R.] Coleridge.

Circulator
Cir´cu•la•tor, n. [Cf. L. circulator a peddler.] One who, or that which, circulates.

Circulatorious
Cir•cu•la•to´ri•ous, a. Travelling from house to house or from town to town; itinerant. [Obs.] "Circulatorious jugglers." Barrow.

Circulatory
Cir´cu•la•to•ry, a. [L. circulatorius pert. to a mountebank: cf. F. circulatoire.]
1. Circular; as a circulatory letter. Johnson.
2. Circulating, or going round. T. Warton.
3. (Anat.) Subserving the purposes of circulation; as circulatory organs; of or pertaining to the organs of circulation; as circulatory diseases.

Circulatory
Cir´cu•la•to•ry, n. A chemical vessel consisting of two portions unequally exposed to the heat of the fire, and with connecting pipes or passages, through which the fluid rises from the overheated portion, and descends from the relatively colder, maintaining a circulation.

Circulet
Cir´cu•let, n. A circlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Circuline
Cir´cu•line, a. Proceeding in a circle; circular. [Obs.] "With motion circuline". Dr. H. More.

Circum-
Cir´cum- [Akin to circle, circus.] A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words, and signifying around or about.

Circumagitate
Cir•cum•ag´i•tate, v. t. [Pref. circum + agitate.] To agitate on all sides. Jer. Taylor.

Circumambage
Cir•cum•am´bage, n. [Pref. circum- + ambage, obs. sing. of ambages.] A roundabout or indirect course; indirectness. [Obs.] S. Richardson.

Circumambiency
Cir•cum•am´bi•en•cy, n. The act of surrounding or encompassing. Sir T. Browne.

Circumambient
Cir•cum•am´bi•ent, a. [Pref. circum- + ambient.] Surrounding; inclosing or being on all sides; encompassing. "The circumambient heaven." J. Armstrong.

Circumambulate
Cir•cum•am´bu•late, v. t. [L. circumambulatus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around; circum + ambulare. See Ambulate.] To walk round about. — Cir•cum•am•bu•la´tion (#), n.

Circumcenter
Cir•cum•cen´ter, n. (Geom.) The center of a circle that circumscribes a triangle.

Circumcise
Cir´cum•cise, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circumcised p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere to cut around, to circumcise; circum + caedere to cut; akin to E. caesura, homi cide, con cise, and prob. to shed, v. t.]
1. To cut off the prepuce of foreskin of, in the case of males, and the internal labia of, in the case of females.
2. (Script.) To purify spiritually.

Circumcision
Cir•cum•cision, n. [L. circumcisio.]
1. The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females. The circumcision of males is practiced as a religious rite by the Jews, Mohammedans, etc.
2. (Script.) (a) The Jews, as a circumcised people. (b) Rejection of the sins of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith.

Circumclusion
Cir•cum•clu´sion, n. [L. circumcludere, -clusum, to inclose.] Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.]

Circumcursation
Cir•cum•cur•sa´tion, n. [L. circumcursare, -satum, to run round about.] The act of running about; also rambling language. [Obs.] Barrow.

Circumdenudation
Cir•cum•den•u•da´tion, n. [Pref. circum- + denudation.] (Geol.) Denudation around or in the neighborhood of an object. Hills of circumdenudation, hills which have been produced by surface erosion; the elevations which have been left, after denudation of a mass of high ground. Jukes.

Circumduce
Cir•cum•duce´, v. t. [See Circumduct.] (Scots Law) To declare elapsed, as the time allowed for introducing evidence. Sir W. Scott.

Circumduction
Cir•cum•duc´tion, n. [L. circumductio.]
1. A leading about; circumlocution. [R.] Hooker.
2. An annulling; cancellation. [R.] Ayliffe.
3. (Physiol.) The rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a conical surface.

Circumesophagal
Cir•cum•e•soph´a•gal, a. [Pref. circum- + esophagal.] (Anat.) Surrounding the esophagus; — in Zoöl. said of the nerve commissures and ganglia of arthropods and mollusks.

Circumesophageal
Cir•cum•e•so•phag´e•al, a. (Anat.) Circumesophagal.

Circumfer
Cir´cum•fer, v. t. [L. circumferre; circum- + ferre to bear. See 1st Bear.] To bear or carry round. [Obs.] Bacon.

Circumferential
Cir•cum•fer•en´tial, a. [LL. circumferentialis.] Pertaining to the circumference; encompassing; encircling; circuitous. Parkhurst.

Circumferentially
Cir•cum•fer•en´tial•ly, adv. So as to surround or encircle.

Circumferentor
Cir•cum•fer•en´tor, n. [See Circumfer.]
1. A surveying instrument, for taking horizontal angles and bearings; a surveyor’s compass. It consists of a compass whose needle plays over a circle graduated to 360°, and of a horizontal brass bar at the ends of which are standards with narrow slits for sighting, supported on a tripod by a ball and socket joint.
2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires; a tire circle.

Circumflect
Cir´cum•flect, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circumflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflecting.] [L. circumflectere. See Circumflex.]
1. To bend around.
2. To mark with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. [R.]

Circumflexion
Cir•cum•flex´ion, n.
1. The act of bending, or causing to assume a curved form.
2. A winding about; a turning; a circuity; a fold.

Circumfluence
Cir•cum´flu•ence, n. A flowing round on all sides; an inclosing with a fluid. { Cir•cum´flu•ent, Cir•cum´flu•ous, } a. [L. circumfluere, p. pr. of circumfluere; circum + fluere to flow; also L. circumfluus.] Flowing round; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. "The deep, circumfluent waves." Pope. { Cir•cum•fo•ra´ne•an, Cir•cum•fo•ra´ne•ous } a. [L. circumforaneus found in markets; circum + forum a market place.] Going about or abroad; walking or wandering from house to house. Addison.

Circumfulgent
Cir•cum•ful´gent, a. [Pref. circum- + fulgent.] Shining around or about.

Circumfuse
Cir•cum•fuse´, v. t. [L. circumfusus, p. p. of circumfundere to pour around; circum + fundere to pour.] To pour round; to spread round.
"His army circumfused on either wing." - Milton.

Circumfusile
Cir•cum•fu´sile, a. [Pref. circum- + L. fusilis fusil, a. ] Capable of being poured or spread round. "Circumfusile gold." Pope.

Circumfusion
Cir•cum•fu´sion, n. [L. circumfusio.] The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being spread round. Swift.

Circumgestation
Cir•cum•ges•ta´tion, n. [L. circumgestare to carry around; circum + gestare to carry.] The act or process of carrying about. [Obs.]
"Circumgestation of the eucharist to be adored." - Jer. Taylor.

Circumgyrate
Cir•cum•gy´rate, v. t. & i. [Pref. circum- + gyrate.] To roll or turn round; to cause to perform a rotary or circular motion. Ray.

Circumgyration
Cir•cum•gy•ra´tion, n. The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round.
"A certain turbulent and irregular circumgyration." - Holland.

Circumgyratory
Cir•cum•gy´ra•to•ry, a. Moving in a circle; turning round. Hawthorne.

Circumgyre
Cir•cum•gyre´, v. i. To circumgyrate. [Obs.]

Circumincession
Cir•cum•in•ces´sion, n. [Pref. circum- + L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] (Theol.) The reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons of the Trinity.

Circumjacence
Cir•cum•ja´cence, n. Condition of being circumjacent, or of bordering on every side.

Circumjacent
Cir•cum•ja´cent, a. [L. circumjacens, p. pr. of circumjacere; circum + jacere to lie.] Lying round; bordering on every side. T. Fuller.

Circumjovial
Cir•cum•jo´vi•al, n. [Pref. circum- + L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jove.] One of the moons or satellites of the planet Jupiter. [Obs.] Derham.

Circumlittoral
Cir•cum•lit´to•ral, a. [Pref. circum- + L. littus, littoris, shore; preferable form, litus, litoris.] Adjointing the shore.

Circumlocution
Cir•cum•lo•cu´tion, n. [L. circumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, -locutus, to make use of circumlocution; circum + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] The use of many words to express an idea that might be expressed by few; indirect or roundabout language; a periphrase.
"the plain Billingsgate way of calling names … would save abundance of time lost by circumlocution." - Swift.
Circumlocution office, a term of ridicule for a governmental office where business is delayed by passing through the hands of different officials.

Circumlocutory
Cir•cum•loc´u•to•ry, a. Characterised by circumlocution; periphrastic. Shenstone.
"The officials set to work in regular circumlocutory order. Chambers’s Journal."

Circummeridian
Cir•cum•me•rid´i•an, a. [Pref. circum- + meridian.] About, or near, the meridian.

Circummure
Cir•cum•mure´, v. t. [Pref. circum- + mure, v. t.] To encompass with a wall. Shak.

Circumnavigable
Cir•cum•nav´i•ga•ble, a. Capable of being sailed round. Ray.

Circumnavigate
Cir•cum•nav´i•gate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circumnavigated p. pr. & vb. n. Circumnavigating ] [L. circumnavigatus, p. p. of circumnavigare to sail round; circum + navigare to navigate.] To sail completely round.
"Having circumnavigated the whole earth." - T. Fuller.

Circumnavigator
Cir•cum•nav´iga•tor, n. One who sails round. W. Guthrie.

Circumnutate
Cir•cum•nu´tate, v. i. [Pref. circum- + nutate.] To pass through the stages of circumnutation.

Circumnutation
Cir•cum•nu•ta´tion, n. (Bot.) The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stems of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants.

Circumpolar
Cir•cum•po´lar, a. [Pref. circum- + polar.] About the pole; — applied to stars that revolve around the pole without setting; as circumpolar stars.

Circumposition
Cir•cum•po•si´tion, n. [L. circumpositio, fr. circumponere, - positium, to place around.] The act of placing in a circle, or round about, or the state of being so placed. Evelyn. { Cir•cum•ro´tary, Cir•cum•ro´ta•to•ry } a. [Pref. circum- + rotary, rotatory.] turning, rolling, or whirling round.

Circumrotate
Cir•cum•ro´tate, v. t. & i. [L. circumrotare; circum + rotare to turn round.] To rotate about. [R.]

Circumrotation
Cir•cum•ro•ta´tion, n. The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round. J. Gregory.

Circumscissile
Cir•cum•scis´sile, a. [Pref. circum- + scissle.] (Bot.) Dehiscing or opening by a transverse fissure extending around (a capsule or pod). See Illust. of Pyxidium.

Circumscribe
Cir•cum•scribe´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circumscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Circumscribing.] [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum + scribere to write, draw. See Soribe.]
1. to write or engrave around. [R.]
"Thereon is circumscribed this epitaph." - Ashmole.
2. To inclose within a certain limit; to hem in; to surround; to bound; to confine; to restrain.
"To circumscribe royal power." - Bancroft.
3. (Geom.) To draw a line around so as to touch at certain points without cutting. See Inscribe, 5.
Syn. — To bound; limit; restrict; confine; abridge; restrain; environ; encircle; inclose; encompass.

Circumscriptible
Cir•cum•scrip´ti•ble, a. Capable of being circumscribed or limited by bounds.

Circumscription
Cir•cum•scrip´tion, n. [L. circumscriptio. See Circumscribe.]
1. An inscription written around anything. [R.] Ashmole.
2. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body; outline; periphery. Ray.
3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited, by conditions or restraints; bound; confinement; limit.
"The circumscriptions of terrestrial nature." - Johnson.
"I would not my unhoused, free condition Put into circumscription and confine." - Shak.

Circumscriptively
Cir•cum•scrip´tive•ly, adv. In a limited manner.

Circumscriptly
Cir´cum•script•ly, adv. In a literal, limited, or narrow manner. [R.] Milton.

Circumspect
Cir´cum•spect, a. [L. circumspectus, p. p. of circumspicere to look about one’s self, to observe; circum + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy.] Attentive to all the circumstances of a case or the probable consequences of an action; cautious; prudent; wary.
Syn. — See Cautious.

Circumspective
Cir•cum•spec´tive (ser•kum•spek"tiv), a. Looking around every way; cautious; careful of consequences; watchful of danger. "Circumspective eyes." Pope.

Circumspectively
Cir•cum•spec´tive•ly, adv. Circumspectly.

Circumspectly
Cir´cum•spect´ly (-spekt"l>ycr/), adv. In a circumspect manner; cautiously; warily.

Circumspectness
Cir´cum•spect´ness, n. Vigilance in guarding against evil from every quarter; caution.
"[Travel] forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home are nursed in security." - Sir H. Wotton.

Circumstance
Cir´cum•stance, n. [L. circumstantia, fr. circumstans, -antis, p. pr. of circumstare to stand around; circum + stare to stand. See Stand.]
1. That which attends, or relates to, or in some way affects, a fact or event; an attendant thing or state of things.
"The circumstances are well known in the country where they happened." - W. Irving.
2. An event; a fact; a particular incident.
"The sculptor had in his thoughts the conqueror weeping for new worlds, or the like circumstances in history." - Addison.
3. Circumlocution; detail. [Obs.]
"So without more circumstance at all I hold it fit that we shake hands and part." - Shak.
4. pl. Condition in regard to worldly estate; state of property; situation; surroundings.
"When men are easy in their circumstances, they are naturally enemies to innovations." - Addison.
Not a circumstance, of no account. [Colloq.] — Under the circumstances, taking all things into consideration.
Syn. — Event; occurrence; incident; situation; condition; position; fact; detail; item. See Event.

Circumstance
Cir´cum•stance, v. t. To place in a particular situation; to supply relative incidents.
"The poet took the matters of fact as they came down to him and circumstanced them, after his own manner." - Addison.

Circumstanced
Cir´cum•stanced, p. a.
1. Placed in a particular position or condition; situated.
"The proposition is, that two bodies so circumstanced will balance each other." - Whewell.
2. Governed by events or circumstances. [Poetic & R.] "I must be circumstanced." Shak.

Circumstant
Cir´cum•stant, a. [L. circumstans. See Circumstance.] Standing or placed around; surrounding. [R.] "Circumstant bodies." Sir K. Digby.

Circumstantial
Cir•cum•stan´tial, a. [Cf. F. circonstanciel.]
1. Consisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances or particular incidents.
"The usual character of human testimony is substantial truth under circumstantial variety." - Paley.
2. Incidental; relating to, but not essential.
"We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in religious worship … and what is merely circumstantial." - Sharp.
3. Abounding with circumstances; detailing or exhibiting all the circumstances; minute; particular.
"Tedious and circumstantial recitals." - Prior.
Circumstantial evidence (Law), evidence obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption. According to some authorities circumstantial is distinguished from positive evidence in that the latter is the testimony of eyewitnesses to a fact or the admission of a party; but the prevalent opinion now is that all such testimony is dependent on circumstances for its support. All testimony is more or less circumstantial. Wharton.
Syn. — See Minute.

Circumstantial
Cir•cum•stan´tial, n. Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance; opposed to an essential; — generally in the plural; as the circumstantials of religion. Addison.

Circumstantiality
Cir•cum•stan•ti•al´i•ty, n. The state, characteristic, or quality of being circumstantial; particularity or minuteness of detail. "I will endeavor to describe with sufficient circumstantiality." De Quincey.

Circumstantially
Cir•cum•stan´tial•ly, adv.
1. In respect to circumstances; not essentially; accidentally.
"Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only circumstantially different." - Glanvill.
2. In every circumstance or particular; minutely.
"To set down somewhat circumstantially, not only the events, but the manner of my trials." - Boyle.

Circumstantiate
Cir•cum•stan´ti•ate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circumstantiated p. pr. & vb. n. Circumstantiating ] [See Circumstantiating .]
1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts. [R.]
"If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will that freely which now it wills reluctantly." - Bramhall.
2. To prove or confirm by circumstances; to enter into details concerning.
"Neither will time permint to circumstantiate these particulars, which I have only touched in the general. State Trials (1661)."

Circumundulate
Cir•cum•un´du•late, v. t. [Pref. circum- + undulate.] To flow round, as waves. [R.]

Circumvallate
Cir•cum•val´late, v. t. [L. circumvallatus, p. p. of circumvallare to surround with a wall; circum + vallare to wall, fr. vallum rampart.] To surround with a rampart or wall. Johnson.

Circumvallate
Cir•cum•val´late, a.
1. Surrounded with a wall; inclosed with a rampart.
2. (Anat.) Surrounded by a ridge or elevation; as the circumvallate papillae, near the base of the tongue.

Circumvallation
Cir•cum•val•la´tion, n. (Mil.) (a) The act of surrounding with a wall or rampart. (b) A line of field works made around a besieged place and the besieging army, to protect the camp of the besiegers against the attack of an enemy from without.

Circumvection
Cir•cum•vec´tion, n. [L. circumvectio; circum + vehere to carry.] The act of carrying anything around, or the state of being so carried.

Circumvent
Cir•cum•vent´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circumvented; p. pr. vb. n. Circumventing.] [L. circumventis, p. p. of circumvenire, to come around, encompass, deceive; circum + venire to come, akin to E. come. ] To gain advantage over by arts, stratagem, or deception; to decieve; to delude; to get around.
"I circumvented whom I could not gain." - Dryden.

Circumventive
Cir•cum•vent´ive, a. Tending to circumvent; deceiving by artifices; deluding.

Circumventor
Cir•cum•vent´or, n. [L.] One who circumvents; one who gains his purpose by cunning.

Circumvest
Cir•cum•vest´, v. t. [L. circumvestire; circum + vestire to clothe.] To cover round, as with a garment; to invest. [Obs.]
"Circumvested with much prejudice." - Sir H. Wotton.

Circumvolant
Cir•cum´vo•lant, a. [L. circumvolans, p. pr. See Circumvolation.] Flying around.
"The circumvolant troubles of humanity." - G. Macdonald.

Circumvolution
Cir•cum•vo•lu´tion, n. [See Circumvolve.]
1. The act of rolling round; the state of being rolled.
2. A thing rolled round another. Arbuthnot.
3. A roundabout procedure; a circumlocution.
"He had neither time nor temper for sentimental circumvolutions." - Beaconsfield.

Circus
Cir´cus, n. ; pl. Circuses (#). [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1). See Circle, and cf. Cirque.]
1. (Roman Antiq.) A level oblong space surrounded on three sides by seats of wood, earth, or stone, rising in tiers one above another, and divided lengthwise through the middle by a barrier around which the track or course was laid out. It was used for chariot races, games, and public shows. The Circus Maximus at Rome could contain more than 100,000 spectators. Harpers’ Latin Dict.
2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, acrobatic displays, etc. also the company of performers, with their equipage.
3. Circuit; space; inclosure. [R.]
"The narrow circus of my dungeon wall." - Byron.

Cirque, n. [F., fr. L. circus.]
1. A circle; a circus; a circular erection or arrangement of objects.
"A dismal cirque Of Druid stones upon a forlorn moor." - Keats.
2. A kind of circular valley in the side of a mountain, walled around by precipices of great height.

Cirrate
Cir´rate, a. [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] (Zoöl.) Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ.

Cirrhiferous
Cir•rhif´er•ous, a. See Cirriferous.

Cirrhotic
Cir•rhot´ic, a. Pertaining to, caused by, or affected with, cirrhosis; as cirrhotic degeneration; a cirrhotic liver.

Cirrhous
Cir´rhous, a. See Cirrose.

Cirriform
Cir´ri•form, a. [ Cirrus + -form.] (Biol.) Formed like a cirrus or tendril; — said of appendages of both animals and plants.

Cirrigerous
Cir•rig´er•ous, a. [ Cirrus + -gerous.] (Biol.) Having curled locks of hair; supporting cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cirrigrade
Cir´ri•grade, a. [ Cirrus + L. gradi to walk.] (Biol.) Moving or moved by cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cirriped
Cir´ri•ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cirripedia.

Cirripedia
Cir•ri•pe´di•a, n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cirrus curl + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa.

Cirro-cumulus
Cir•ro-cu´mu•lus, n. [ Cirrus + cumulus.] (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cirrus
Cir´rus, n. ; pl. Cirri (#). [L., lock, curl, ringlet.] [Also written cirrhus.]
1. (Bot.) A tendril or clasper.
2. (Zoöl.) (a) A soft tactile appendage of the mantle of many Mollusca, and of the parapodia of Annelida. Those near the head of annelids are Tentacular cirri; those of the last segment are caudal cirri. (b) The jointed, leglike organs of Cirripedia. See Annelida, and Polychaeta. In some of the inferior animals the cirri aid in locomotion; in others they are used in feeding; in the Annelida they are mostly organs of touch. Some cirri are branchial in function.
3. (Zoöl.) The external male organ of trematodes and some other worms, and of certain Mollusca.
4. (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cirsoid
Cir´soid, a. [Gr. a dilated vein + -oid.] (Med.) Varicose. Cirsoid aneurism, a disease of an artery in which it becomes dilated and elongated, like a varicose vein.

Cirsotomy
Cir•sot´o•my, n. [Gr. a dilated vein + to cut.] (Surg.) Any operation for the removal of varices by incision. Dunglison.

Cis- A Latin preposition, sometimes used as a prefix in English words, and signifying on this side.

Cisalpine
Cis•al´pine, a. [L. Cisalpinus; cis on this side + Alpinus Alpine.] On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps; — opposed to transalpine.

Cisatlantic
Cis•at•lan´tic, a. [Pref. cis- + Atlantic.] On this side of the Atlantic Ocean; — used of the eastern or the western side, according to the standpoint of the writer. Story.

Cisco
Cis´co, n. (Zoöl.) The Lake herring ( Coregonus Artedi), valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of North America. The name is also applied to C. Hoyi, a related species of Lake Michigan.

Ciselure
Ci•se•lure´, n. [F.] The process of chasing on metals; also the work thus chased. Weale.

Cisleithan
Cis•lei´than, a. [Pref. cis- + Leitha.] On the Austrian side of the river Leitha; Austrian.

Cismontane
Cis•mon´tane, a. [Pref. cis- + L. mons mountain.] On this side of the mountains. See under Ultramontane.

Cissoid
Cis´soid, n. [Gr. like ivy; ivy + form.] (Geom.) A curve invented by Diocles, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems of the higher geometry; viz., to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines.

Cist, n. [L. cista box, chest, Gr. Cf. Chest.]
1. (Antiq.) A box or chest. Specifically: (a) A bronze receptacle, round or oval, frequently decorated with engravings on the sides and cover, and with feet, handles, etc., of decorative castings. (b) A cinerary urn. See Illustration in Appendix.
2. See Cyst.

Cistern
Cis´tern, n. [OE. cisterne, OF. cisterne, F. cisterne, fr. L. cisterna, fr. cista box, chest. See Cist, and cf. chest.]
1. An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids.
2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water. "The wide cisterns of the lakes." Blackmore.

Citable
Cit´a•ble, a. Capable of being cited.

Citadel
Cit´a•del, n. [F. citadelle, It. citadella, di. of citt city, fr. L. civitas. See City.] A fortress in or near a fortified city, commanding the city and fortifications, and intended as a final point of defense. Syn. — Stronghold. See Fortress.

Citatory
Ci´ta•to•ry, a. [LL. citatirius.] Having the power or form of a citation; as letters citatory.

Cite, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Cited; p. pr. & vb. n. Citing] [F. citer, fr. L. citare, intens. of cire, ciere, to put in motion, to excite; akin to Gr. to go, Skr. to sharpen.]
1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear, as before a court; to summon.
"The cited dead, Of all past ages, to the general doom Shall hasten." - Milton.
"Cited by finger of God." - De Quincey.
2. To urge; to enjoin. [R.] Shak.
3. To quote; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words of another.
"The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose." - Shak.
4. To refer to or specify, as for support, proof, illustration, or confirmation.
"The imperfections which you have cited." - Shak.
5. To bespeak; to indicate. [Obs.]
"Aged honor cites a virtuous youth." - Shak.
6. (Law) To notify of a proceeding in court. Abbot
Syn. — To quote; mention, name; refer to; adduce; select; call; summon. See Quote.

Citess
Cit´ess, n. [From Cit.] A city woman [R.]

Cithern
Cith´ern, n. See Cittern.

Citied
Cit´ied, a.
1. Belonging to, or resembling, a city. "Smoky, citied towns" [R.] Drayton.
2. Containing, or covered with, cities. [R.] "The citied earth." Keats.

Citified
Cit´i•fied, a. [ City + -fy.] Aping, or having, the manners of a city.

Citigradae
Cit•i•gra´dae, n. pl. [NL., fr. L. citus swift (p. p. of cire, ciere, to move) + gradi to walk. See Cite.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Arachnoidea, including the European tarantula and the wolf spiders ( Lycosidae) and their allies, which capture their prey by rapidly running and jumping. See Wolf spider.

Citiner
Cit´i•ner, n. One who is born or bred in a city; a citizen. [Obs.] Champan.

Citizen
Cit´i•zen, n. [OE. citisein, OF. citeain, F. citoyen, fr. cite city. See City, and cf. Cit.]
1. One who enjoys the freedom and privileges of a city; a freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises.
"That large body of the working men who were not counted as citizens and had not so much as a vote to serve as an anodyne to their stomachs." - G. Eliot.
2. An inhabitant of a city; a townsman. Shak.
3. A person, native or naturalized, of either sex, who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to reciprocal protection from it. This protection is … national protection, recognition of the individual, in the face of foreign nations, as a member of the state, and assertion of his security and rights abroad as well as at home. Abbot
4. One who is domiciled in a country, and who is a citizen, though neither native nor naturalized, in such a sense that he takes his legal status from such country.

Citizen
Cit´i•zen, a.
1. Having the condition or qualities of a citizen, or of citizens; as a citizen soldiery.
2. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a city; characteristic of citizens; effeminate; luxurious. [Obs.]
"I am not well, But not so citizen a wanton as To seem to die ere sick." - Shak.

Citizeness
Cit´i•zen•ess, n. A female citizen. [R.]

Citizenship
Cit´i•zen•ship, n. The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen.

Citole
Cit´ole, n. [OF. citole, fr. L. cithara. See Cittern.] (Mus.) A musical instrument; a kind of dulcimer. [Obs.]

Citrange
Cit´range, n. [ Citrus + or ange.] A citrous fruit produced by a cross between the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange ( Citrus trifoliata). It is more acid and has a more pronounced aroma than the orange; the tree is hardier. There are several varieties.

Citrate
Cit´rate, n. [From Citric.] (Chem.) A salt of citric acid.

Citron
Cit´ron (sit"run), n. [F. citron, LL. citro, fr. L. citrus citron tree (cf. citreum, sc. malum, a citron), from Gr. ki•tron citron]
1. (Bot) A fruit resembling a lemon, but larger, and pleasantly aromatic. The thick rind, when candied, is the citron of commerce.
2. A citron tree.
3. A citron melon. Citron melon. (a) A small variety of muskmelon with sugary greenish flesh. (b) A small variety of watermelon, whose solid white flesh is used in making sweetmeats and preserves. — Citron tree (Bot.), the tree which bears citrons. It was probably a native of northern India, and is now understood to be the typical form of Citrus Medica.

Citrus
Cit´rus (sit"rus), n. [L., a citron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia.

Cittern
Cit´tern, n. [L. cithara, Gr. kiqa•ra. Cf. Cithara, Gittern.] (Mus.) An instrument shaped like a lute, but strung with wire and played with a quill or plectrum. [Written also cithern.] Shak. Not to be confounded with zither.

City
Cit´y (sit"y), n. ; pl. Cities (-iz). [OE. cite, F. cite, fr. L. civitas citizenship, state, city, fr. civis citizen; akin to Goth. heiwa (in heiwafrauja man of the house), AS. hiwan, pl., members of a family, servants, hired family, G. heirath marriage, prop., providing a house, E. hind a peasant.]
1. A large town.
2. A corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen or a city council consisting of a board of aldermen and a common council; in Great Britain, a town corporate, which is or has been the seat of a bishop, or the capital of his see.
"A city is a town incorporated; which is, or has been, the see of a bishop; and though the bishopric has been dissolved, as at Westminster, it yet remaineth a city." - Blackstone
"When Gorges constituted York a city, he of course meant it to be the seat of a bishop, for the word city has no other meaning in English law." - Palfrey
3. The collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city. "What is the city but the people?" Shak.
Syn. — See Village.

City
Cit´y, a. Of or pertaining to a city. Shak. City council. See under Council. — City court, The municipal court of a city. [U. S.] — City ward, a watchman, or the collective watchmen, of a city. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Civic
Civ´ic, a. [L.civicus, fr. civis citizen. See City.] Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs. Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

Civics
Civ´ics, n. The science of civil government.

Civil
Civ´il, a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.]
1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state.
2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; — said of the community.
"England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil." - Spenser.
3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; — said of an individual.
"Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven." - Preston
4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable. "A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a ’civis’ and his relations to the other members of that ’civitas.’" Trench
5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state.
6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings. Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. — Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. — Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. - - Civil engineering. See under Engineering. — Civil law. See under Law. — Civil list. See under List. — Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. — Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. — Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. — Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. — Civil suit. Same as Civil action. — Civil war. See under War. — Civil year. See under Year.

Civil Service Reform. The substitution of business principles and methods for political methods in the conduct of the civil service. esp. the merit system instead of the spoils system in making appointments to office.

Civilian
Ci•vil´ian, n. [From Civil]
1. One skilled in the civil law.
"Ancient civilians and writers upon government." - Swift.
2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves.
3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical.

Civility
Ci•vil´i•ty, n. ; pl. Civilities (#). [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilite. See Civil.]
1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.]
"Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin." - Sir J. Davies.
"The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word — civilization." - Trench.
2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.]
"To serve in a civility." - Latimer.
3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression.
"The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be." - Chesterfield.
"The sweet civilities of life." - Dryden.
Syn. — Urbanity; affability; complaisance.

Civilization
Civ•i•li•za´tion, n. [Cf. F. civilisation.]
1. The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement.
"Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles — … the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion." - Burke
2. (Law) Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.]

Civilize
Civ´i•lize, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Civilized p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.]
1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine.
"Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose Her land to civilize, as to subdue." - Dryden
2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] "Civilizing adultery." Milton.
Syn. — To polish; refine; humanize.

Civilizer
Civ´i•li•zer, n. One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize.

Civily
Civ´i•ly, adv. In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner.

Civism
Civ´ism, n. [Cf. F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.] State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer.

Cizar
Ciz´ar, v. i. [From Cizars.] To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.Ciz´ars, n. pl. Scissors. [Obs.] Swift.