Chab (chab), n. (Zoöl.) The red-bellied woodpecker ( Melanerpes Carolinus). { Chab´a•site (kab"a•sit), Cab´a•zite (kab"a•zit), } n. [Gr. chabazi•os one of twenty species of stones mentioned in the poem Peri• li•qwn, ascribed to Orpheus.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in glassy rhombohedral crystals, varying in color from white to yellow or red. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also chabasie.

Chablis
Cha•blis´ (sha•ble"), n. [F.] A white wine made near Chablis, a town in France. { Cha•bouk´, Cha•buk´ } n. [Hind. chabuk horsewhip.] A long whip, such as is used in the East in the infliction of punishment. Balfour.

Chace, n. See 3d Chase, n. , 3.

Chace, v. t. To pursue. See Chase v. t.

Chack (chak), v. i. To toss up the head frequently, as a horse to avoid the restraint of the bridle.

Chacma
Chac´ma, n. [Native name.] A large species of African baboon ( Cynocephalus porcarius); — called also ursine baboon. [See Illust. of Baboon.]

Chad (shad), n. See Shad. [Obs.]

Chaetiferous
Chae•tif´er•ous, a. [Gr. hair + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing setae.

Chaetodont
Chae´to•dont, n. [Gr. hair +,, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish of the family Chaetodontidae. The chaetodonts have broad, compressed bodies, and usually bright colors.

Chaetodont
Chaeto•dont, a. Of or pertaining to the Chaetodonts or the family Chaetodontidae.

Chaetognath
Chae´tog•nath, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chaetognatha.

Chaetognatha
Chae•tog´na•tha, n. pl. [NL., from Gr. hair + jaw.] (Zoöl) An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head.

Chaetopod
Chae´to•pod, a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Chaetopoda. — n. One of the Chaetopoda.

Chaetopoda
Chae•top´o•da, n. pl. [NL., from Gr. hair + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setae, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochaeta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychaeta, including most of the marine species.

Chaetotaxy
Chae´to•tax•y, n. [Gr. hair + arrangement.] (Zoöl.) The arrangement of bristles on an insect.

Chafe (chaf), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chafed (chaft); p pr. & vb. n. Chafing.] [OE. chaufen to warm, OF. chaufer, F. chauffer, fr. L. calefacere, calfacere, to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make. See Caldron.]
1. To excite heat in by friction; to rub in order to stimulate and make warm.
"To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin." - Spenser.
2. To excite passion or anger in; to fret; to irritate.
"Her intercession chafed him." - Shak.
3. To fret and wear by rubbing; as to chafe a cable.
"Two slips of parchment which she sewed round it to prevent its being chafed." - Sir W. Scott.
Syn. — To rub; fret; gall; vex; excite; inflame.

Chafe, v. i. To rub; to come together so as to wear by rubbing; to wear by friction.
"Made its great boughs chafe together." - Longfellow.
"The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores." - Shak.
2. To be worn by rubbing; as a cable chafes.
3. To have a feeling of vexation; to be vexed; to fret; to be irritated. Spenser.
"He will chafe at the doctor’s marrying my daughter." - Shak.

Chafe, n.
1. Heat excited by friction.
2. Injury or wear caused by friction.
3. Vexation; irritation of mind; rage.
"The cardinal in a chafe sent for him to Whitehall." - Camden.

Chafer
Chaf´er, n.
1. One who chafes.
2. A vessel for heating water; — hence, a dish or pan.
"A chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons." - Baker.

Chafer
Chaf´er, n. [AS. ceafor; akin to D. kever, G këfer.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle; the cockchafer. The name is also applied to other species; as the rose chafer.

Chafery
Chaf´er•y, n. [See Chafe, v. t.] (Iron Works) An open furnace or forge, in which blooms are heated before being wrought into bars. { Chafe´wax•, or Chaff´wax• } n. (Eng. Law) Formerly a chancery officer who fitted wax for sealing writs and other documents.

Chaff, n. [AC. ceaf; akin to D. kaf, G. kaff.]
1. The glumes or husks of grains and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing, etc.
"So take the corn and leave the chaff behind." - Dryden.
"Old birds are not caught with caff." - Old Proverb.
2. Anything of a comparatively light and worthless character; the refuse part of anything.
"The chaff and ruin of the times." - Shak.
3. Straw or hay cut up fine for the food of cattle.
"By adding chaff to his corn, the horse must take more time to eat it. In this way chaff is very useful." - Ywatt.
4. Light jesting talk; banter; raillery.
5. (Bot.) The scales or bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in the heads of many Compositae, as the sunflower. Gray. Chaff cutter, a machine for cutting, up straw, etc., into "chaff" for the use of cattle.

Chaff, v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Chaffed p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffing.] To use light, idle language by way of fun or ridicule; to banter.

Chaff, v. t. To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by addressing in ironical or bantering language; to quiz.
"Morgan saw that his master was chaffing him." - Thackeray.
"A dozen honest fellows … chaffed each other about their sweethearts." - C. Kingsley.

Chaffer
Chaff´er, n. One who chaffs.

Chaffer
Chaf´fer, n. [OE. chaffare, cheapfare; AS. ceáp a bargain, price + faru a journey; hence, originally, a going to barain, to market. See Cheap, and Fare.] Bargaining; merchandise. [Obs.] Holished.

Chaffer
Chaf´fer, v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Chaffered p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffering.] [OE. chaffaren, fr. chaffare, chapfare, cheapfare, a bargaining. See Chaffer, n. ]
1. To treat or dispute about a purchase; to bargain; to haggle or higgle; to negotiate.
"To chaffer for preferments with his gold." - Dryden.
2. To talk much and idly; to chatter. Trench.

Chaffer
Chaf´fer, v. t.
1. To buy or sell; to trade in.
"He chaffered chairs in which churchmen were set." - Spenser.
2. To exchange; to bandy, as words. Spenser.

Chafferer
Chaf´fer•er, n. One who chaffers; a bargainer.

Chaffern
Chaf´fern, n. [See Chafe, v. t.] A vessel for heating water. [Obs.] Johnson.

Chaffinch
Chaf´finch, n. [Cf. Chiff- chaff.] (Zoöl.) A bird of Europe ( Fringilla cœlebs), having a variety of very sweet songs, and highly valued as a cage bird; — called also copper finch.

Chaffless
Chaff´less, a. Without chaff.

Chaffy
Chaff´y, a.
1. Abounding in, or resembling, chaff.
"Chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail." - Coleridge.
2. Light or worthless as chaff.
"Slight and chaffy opinion." - Glanvill.
3. (Bot.) (a) Resembling chaff; composed of light dry scales. (b) Bearing or covered with dry scales, as the under surface of certain ferns, or the disk of some composite flowers.

Chafing
Chaf´ing, n. [See Chafe, v. t.] The act of rubbing, or wearing by friction; making by rubbing. Chafing dish, a dish or vessel for cooking on the table, or for keeping food warm, either by coals, by a lamp, or by hot water; a portable grate for coals. — Chafing gear (Naut.), any material used to protect sails, rigging, or the like, at points where they are exposed to friction.

Chagrin
Cha•grin´, n. [F., fr. chagrin shagreen, a particular kind of rough and grained leather; also a rough fishskin used for graters and files; hence ( Fig.), a gnawing, corroding grief. See Shagreen.] Vexation; mortification.
"I must own that I felt rather vexation and chagrin than hope and satisfaction." - Richard Porson.
"Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin." - Pope.
Syn. — Vexation; mortification; peevishness; fretfulness; disgust; disquiet. Chagrin, Vexation, Mortification. These words agree in the general sense of pain produced by untoward circumstances. Vexation is a feeling of disquietude or irritating uneasiness from numerous causes, such as losses, disappointments, etc. Mortification is a stronger word, and denotes that keen sense of pain which results from wounded pride or humiliating occurrences. Chagrin is literally the cutting pain produced by the friction of Shagreen leather; in its figurative sense, it varies in meaning, denoting in its lower degrees simply a state of vexation, and its higher degrees the keenest sense of mortification. "Vexation arises chiefly from our wishes and views being crossed: mortification, from our self-importance being hurt; chagrin, from a mixture of the two." Crabb.

Chagrin
Cha•grin´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chagrined p. pr. & vb. n. Chargrining.] [Cf. F. chagriner See Chagrin, n. ] To excite ill-humor in; to vex; to mortify; as he was not a little chagrined.

Chagrin
Cha•grin´, v. i. To be vexed or annoyed. Fielding.

Chagrin
Cha•grin´, a. Chagrined. Dryden.

Chain, n. [F. chaîne, fr. L. catena. Cf. Catenate.]
1. A series of links or rings, usually of metal, connected, or fitted into one another, used for various purposes, as of support, of restraint, of ornament, of the exertion and transmission of mechanical power, etc.
"[They] put a chain of gold about his neck." - Dan. v. 29.
2. That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as the chains of habit.
"Driven down To chains of darkness and the undying worm." - Milton.
3. A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas.
4. (Surv.) An instrument which consists of links and is used in measuring land. One commonly in use is Gunter’s chain, which consists of one hundred links, each link being seven inches and ninety-two one hundredths in length; making up the total length of rods, or sixty-six, feet; hence, a measure of that length; hence, also a unit for land measure equal to four rods square, or one tenth of an acre.
5. pl. (Naut.) Iron links bolted to the side of a vessel to bold the dead-eyes connected with the shrouds; also the channels.
6. (Weaving) The warp threads of a web. Knight. Chain belt (Mach.), a belt made of a chain; — used for transmitting power. — Chain boat, a boat fitted up for recovering lost cables, anchors, etc. — Chain bolt (a) (Naut.) The bolt at the lower end of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel’s side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. — Chain bond. See Chain timber. — Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. — Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. — Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. — Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. — Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. — Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. — Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. — Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. - - Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. — Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. — Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel’s side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. — Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. — Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. — Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. — Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship’s rigging. — Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. — Chain timber. (Arch.) See Bond timber, under Bond. — Chain wales. (Naut.) Same as Channels. — Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. — Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulae are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. — Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link.

Chain, v. t. [ imp. p. p. Chained (chand); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaining.]
1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as to chain a bulldog.
"Chained behind the hostile car." - Prior.
2. To keep in slavery; to enslave.
"And which more blest? who chained his country, say Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day?" - Pope.
3. To unite closely and strongly.
"And in this vow do chain my soul to thine." - Shak.
4. (Surveying) To measure with the chain.
5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.

Chain stitch
Chain" stitch
1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; — used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery.
2. (Machine Sewing) A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch.

Chain wheel
Chain" wheel
1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel.
2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water.

Chainless
Chain´less, a. Having no chain; not restrained or fettered. "The chainless mind." Byron.

Chainlet
Chain´let, n. A small chain. Sir W. Scott.

Chainwork
Chain´work, n. Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work.

Chair, n. [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher’s or professor’s chair, Gr. down + seat, to sit, akin to E. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.]
1. A movable single seat with a back.
2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp. that of a professor; hence, the office itself.
"The chair of a philosophical school." - Whewell.
"A chair of philology." - M. Arnold.
3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as to address the chair.
4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak.
"Think what an equipage thou hast in air, And view with scorn two pages and a chair." - Pope.
5. An iron block used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers. Chair days, days of repose and age. — To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. — To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting.

Chair, v. t. [ imp. & p. pr. Chaired p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.]
1. To place in a chair.
2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.]

Chairmanship
Chair´man•ship, n. The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body.

Chaise (shaz), n. [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.]
1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thorough-braces. It is usually drawn by one horse.
2. Loosely, a carriage in general. Cowper.

Chalazal
Cha•la´zal, a. Of or pertaining to the chalaza.

Chalaze
Cha•laze´, n. Same as Chalaza.

Chalazion
Cha•la´zi•on, n. [NL., fr. Gr. dim. of hail, pimple.] (Med.) A small circumscribed tumor of the eyelid caused by retention of secretion, and by inflammation of the Melbomian glands.

Chalazogamy
Chal•a•zog´a•my, n. [ Chalaza + -gamy, as in polygamy.] (Bot.) A process of fecundation in which the pollen tube penetrates to the embryosac through the tissue of the chalaza, instead of entering through the micropyle. It was originally discovered by Treub in Casuarina, and has since been found to occur regularly in the families Betulaceae and Juglandaceae. Partial chalazogamy is found in Ulmus, the tube here penetrating the nucleus midway between the chalaza and micropyle. — Chal•a•zo•gam´ic (#), a.

Chalcanthite
Chal•can´thite, n. [L. chalcanthum a solution of blue vitriol, Gr. .] (Min.) Native blue vitriol. See Blue vitriol, under Blue.

Chalcedony
Chal•ced´o•ny (kal•sed"o•ny or kal"se•do•ny; 277), n. ; pl. Chalcedonies (-niz). [ L. chalcedonius, fr. Gr. CHalkhdw•n Chalcedon, a town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzantium: cf. calcedoine, OE. calcidoine, casidoyne. Cf. Cassidony.] (Min.) A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony.] When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx. Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian, a flesh red, and sard, a brownish red variety.

Chalcidian
Chal•cid´i•an, n. [L. chalcis a lizard, Gr. chalki•s.] (Zoöl.) One of a tropical family of snakelike lizards ( Chalcidae), having four small or rudimentary legs.

Chalcocite
Chal´co•cite, n. [Gr. chalko•s brass.] (Min.) Native copper sulphide, called also copper glance, and vitreous copper; a mineral of a black color and metallic luster. [Formerly written chalcosine.] { Chal•cog´ra•pher, Chal•cog´ra•phist } n. An engraver on copper or brass; hence, an engraver of copper plates for printing upon paper.

Chalcography
Chal•cog´ra•phy, n. [Gr. chalko•s copper, brass + -graphy.] The act or art of engraving on copper or brass, especially of engraving for printing.

Chalcopyrite
Chal•co•pyr´ite, n. [Gr. chalko•s brass + E. pyrite. So named from its color.] (Min.) Copper pyrites, or yellow copper ore; a common ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur. It occurs massive and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color.

Chaldaic
Chal•da´ic, a. [L. Chaldaicus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee.

Chaldaism
Chal´da•ism, n. An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect.

Chaldean
Chal•de´an, a. [L. Chaldaeus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. (a) A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. (b) A learned man, esp. an astrologer; — so called among the Eastern nations, because astrology and the kindred arts were much cultivated by the Chaldeans. (c) Nestorian.

Chaldee
Chal´dee, a. Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; eastern Aramaic, or the Aramaic used in Chaldea. Chaldee Paraphrase, A targum written in Aramaic. { Chal´drich, Chal´der } n. [Icel. tjaldr.] (Zoöl.) A kind of bird; the oyster catcher.

Chaldron
Chal´dron, n. [OF. chaldron, F. chaudron kettle. The same word as caldron.] An English dry measure, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exclusively for coal and coke. In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs. De Colange.

Chalet
Cha•let´, n. [F.]
1. A herdsman’s hut in the mountains of Switzerland.
"Chalets are summer huts for the Swiss herdsmen." - Wordsworth.
2. A summer cottage or country house in the Swiss mountains; any country house built in the style of the Swiss cottages.

Chalice
Chal´ice, n. [OR. chalis, calice, OF. chalice, calice, F. calice, fr. L. calix, akin to Gr. and E. helmet. Cf. Calice, Calyx.] A cup or bowl; especially, the cup used in the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper.

Chalk, n. [AS. cealc lime, from L. calx limestone. See Calz, and Cawk.]
1. (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of calcium carbonate, and having the same composition as common limestone.
2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared chalk, used as a drawing implement; also by extension, a compound, as of clay and black lead, or the like, used in the same manner. See Crayon. Black chalk, a mineral of a bluish color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. — By a long chalk, by a long way; by many degrees. [Slang] Lowell. — Chalk drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with crayons. See Crayon. — Chalk formation. See Cretaceous formation, under Cretaceous. — Chalk line, a cord rubbed with chalk, used for making straight lines on boards or other material, as a guide in cutting or in arranging work. — Chalk mixture, a preparation of chalk, cinnamon, and sugar in gum water, much used in diarrheal affection, esp. of infants. — Chalk period. (Geol.) See Cretaceous period, under Cretaceous. - - Chalk pit, a pit in which chalk is dug. — Drawing chalk. See Crayon, n. , 1. — French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. — Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher containing iron, and used by painters and artificers; reddle.

Chalk, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chalked p. pr. & vb. n. Chalking.]
1. To rub or mark with chalk.
2. To manure with chalk, as land. Morimer.
3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach. Tennyson.
"Let a bleak paleness chalk the door." - Herbert.
To chalk out, to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] "I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out." Burke.

Chalkiness
Chalk´i•ness, n. The state of being chalky.

Chalkstone
Chalk´stone, n.
1. A mass of chalk.
"As chalkstones … beaten in sunder." - Isa. xxvii. 9.
2. (Med.) A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus.

Chalky
Chalk´y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as a chalky cliff; a chalky taste.

Challenge
Chal´lenge, n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny.]
1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also the letter or message conveying the summons.
"A challenge to controversy." - Goldsmith.
2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign.
3. A claim or demand. [Obs.]
"There must be no challenge of superiority." - Collier.
4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game.
5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause. Blackstone
6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.] Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole panel. — Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. — Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. — Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. — Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true.

Challenge
Chal´lenge, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Challenged p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging.] [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, accuse, dispute, fr. L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge, n. , and cf. Calumniate.]
1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy.
"I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood." - Locke.
2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat.
"By this I challenge him to single fight." - Shak.
3. To claim as due; to demand as a right.
"Challenge better terms." - Addison.
4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.]
"He complained of the emperors … and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues … from them." - Holland.
5. (Mil.) To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as the sentinel challenged us, with "Who comes there?"
6. To take exception to; question; as to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation.
7. (Law) To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court.
8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualified as a voter. [U. S.] To challenge to thearray, favor, polls. See under Challenge, n.

Challenge
Chal´lenge, v. i. To assert a right; to claim a place.
"Where nature doth with merit challenge." - Shak.

Challengeable
Chal´lenge•a•ble, a. That may be challenged.

Challenger
Chal´len•ger, n. One who challenges.

Challis
Chal´lis, n. [F. chaly, challis, a stuff made of goat’s hair.] A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies’ dresses. [Written also chally.]

Chalon
Cha´lon, n. A bed blanket. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chalybean
Cha•lyb´e•an, a. [L. chalybeïus, fr. chalybs steel, Gr. .]
1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel.
2. Of superior quality and temper; — applied to steel. [Obs.] Milton.

Chalybeate
Cha•lyb´e•ate, a. [NL. chalybeatus, fr. chalubeïus. See Chalubean.] Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as chalybeate springs.

Chalybeate
Cha•lyb´e•ate, n. Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient.

Chalybeous
Cha•lyb´e•ous, a. (Zoöl.) Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel.

Chalybite
Chal´y•bite, n. (Min.) Native iron carbonate; — usually called siderite.

Cham, v. t. [See Chap.] To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. More.

Cham, n. [See Khan.] The sovereign prince of Tartary; — now usually written khan. Shak.

Chamal
Cha´mal, n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Angora goat. See Angora goat, under Angora.

Chambered
Cham´bered, a. Having a chamber or chambers; as a chambered shell; a chambered gun.

Chamberer
Cham´ber•er, n.
1. One who attends in a chamber; a chambermaid. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. A civilian; a carpetmonger. [Obs.]

Chambering
Cham´ber•ing, n. Lewdness. [Obs.] Rom. xiii. 13.

Chamberlain
Cham´ber•lain, n. [OF. chamberlain, chambrelencF. chambellon, OHG. chamerling, chamarlinc, G. kämmerling, kammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling. See Chamber, and -ling.] [Formerly written chamberlin.]
1. An officer or servant who has charge of a chamber or chambers.
2. An upper servant of an inn. [Obs.]
3. An officer having the direction and management of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court.
4. A treasurer or receiver of public money; as the chamberlain of London, of North Wales, etc. The lord chamberlain of England, an officer of the crown, who waits upon the sovereign on the day of coronation, and provides requisites for the palace of Westminster, and for the House of Lords during the session of Parliament. Under him are the gentleman of the black rod and other officers. His office is distinct from that of the lord chamberlain of the Household, whose functions relate to the royal housekeeping.

Chambermaid
Cham´ber•maid, n.
1. A maidservant who has the care of chambers, making the beds, sweeping, cleaning the rooms, etc.
2. A lady’s maid. [Obs.] Johnson.

Chambertin
Cham•ber•tin´, n. A red wine from Chambertin near Dijon, in Burgundy.

Chambranle
Cham•bran´le, n. [F.] (Arch.) An ornamental bordering or framelike decoration around the sides and top of a door, window, or fireplace. The top piece is called the traverse and the side pieces the ascendants.

Chambray
Cham´bray, n. [From Cambrai, France. Cf. Cambric.] A gingham woven in plain colors with linen finish.

Chameleon
Cha•me´le•on (ka•me"le•un), n. [L. Chamaeleon, Gr. chamaile•wn, lit., "ground lion;" chamai• on the ground + le•wn lion. See Humble, and Lion.] (Zoöl.) A lizardlike reptile of the genus Chamaeleo, of several species, found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The skin is covered with fine granulations; the tail is prehensile, and the body is much compressed laterally, giving it a high back. Its color changes more or less with the color of the objects about it, or with its temper when disturbed. In a cool, dark place it is nearly white, or grayish; on admitting the light, it changes to brown, bottle-green, or blood red, of various shades, and more or less mottled in arrangment. The American chameleons belong to Anolis and allied genera of the family Iguanidae. They are more slender in form than the true chameleons, but have the same power of changing their colors. Chameleon mineral (Chem.), the compound called potassium permanganate, a dark violet, crystalline substance, KMnO₄, which in formation passes through a peculiar succession of color from green to blue, purple, red, etc. See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

Chamfer
Cham´fer, n. [See Chamfron.] The surface formed by cutting away the arris, or angle, formed by two faces of a piece of timber, stone, etc.

Chamfer
Cham´fer, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chamfered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chamfering. ]
1. (Carp.) To cut a furrow in, as in a column; to groove; to channel; to flute.
2. To make a chamfer on.

Chamisal
Cha•mi•sal´, n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. chamiza a kind of wild cane.]
1. (Bot.) A California rosaceous shrub ( Adenostoma fasciculatum) which often forms an impenetrable chaparral.
2. A chaparral formed by dense growths of this shrub.

Chamlet
Cham´let, n. See Camlet. [Obs.]

Champagne
Cham•pagne´, n. [F. See Champaign.] A light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France. Champagne properly includes several kinds not only of sparkling but of still wines; but in America the term is usually restricted to wines which effervesce.

Champer
Champ´er, n. One who champs, or bites.

Champertor
Cham´per•tor, n. [F. champarteur a divider of fields or field rent. See Champerty.] (Law) One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain.

Championship
Cham´pi•on•ship, n. State of being champion; leadership; supremacy.

Champlain period
Cham•plain" pe"ri•od (Geol.) A subdivision of the Quaternary age immediately following the Glacial period; — so named from beds near Lake Champlain. The earlier deposits of this period are diluvial in character, as if formed in connection with floods attending the melting of the glaciers, while the later deposits are of finer material in more quiet waters, as the alluvium.

Champleve
Champ•le•ve´, a. [F., p. p. of champlever to engrave. See 3d Champ, Camp, Lever a bar.] (Art) Having the ground engraved or cut out in the parts to be enameled; inlaid in depressions made in the ground; — said of a kind of enamel work in which depressions made in the surface are filled with enamel pastes, which are afterward fired; also designating the process of making such enamel work. — n. A piece of champleve enamel; also the process or art of making such enamel work; champleve work.

Chanceable
Chance´a•ble, a. Fortuitous; casual. [Obs.]

Chanceably
Chance´a•bly, adv. By chance. [Obs.]

Chanceful
Chance´ful, a. Hazardous. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chancel
Chan´cel, n. [OF. chancel, F. chanceau, cancel, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars. (The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or crossbars) See Cancel, v. t.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a church, reserved for the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion table, is placed. Hence, in modern use; (b) All that part of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the transept farthest from the main front. Chancel aisle (Arch.), the aisle which passes on either side of or around the chancel. — Chancel arch (Arch.), the arch which spans the main opening, leading to the chancel. — Chancel casement, the principal window in a chancel. Tennyson. — Chancel table, the communion table.

Chance-medley
Chance´-med•ley, n. [ Chance + medley.]
1. (Law) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. See Chaud-Medley. The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, or to any accidental killing of a person without premeditation or evil intent, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing as happens in defending one’s self against assault. Bouvier.
2. Luck; chance; accident. Milton. Cowper.

Chancrous
Chan´crous, a. [Cf. F. chancreux.] (Med.) Of the nature of a chancre; having chancre.

Chandelier
Chan•de•lier´, n. [F. See Chandler.]
1. A candlestick, lamp, stand, gas fixture, or the like, having several branches; esp., one hanging from the ceiling.
2. (Fort.) A movable parapet, serving to support fascines to cover pioneers. [Obs.]

Chandlery
Chan´dler•y, n. Commodities sold by a chandler.

Chandoo
Chan•doo´, n. An extract or preparation of opium, used in China and India for smoking. Balfour.

Chandry
Chan´dry, n. Chandlery. [Obs.] "Torches from the chandry." B. Jonson.

Chanfrin
Chan´frin, n. [F. chanfrein. Cf. Chamfron.] The fore part of a horse’s head.

Change key. A key adapted to open only one of a set of locks; — distinguished from a master key.

Changeability
Change•a•bil´i•ty, n. Changeableness.

Changeable
Change´a•ble, a. [Cf. F. changeable.]
1. Capable of change; subject to alteration; mutable; variable; fickle; inconstant; as a changeable humor.
2. Appearing different, as in color, in different lights, or under different circumstances; as changeable silk.
Syn. — Mutable; alterable; variable; inconstant; fitful; vacillating; capricious; fickle; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; erratic; giddy; volatile.

Changeableness
Change´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being changeable; fickleness; inconstancy; mutability.

Changeably
Change´a•bly, adv. In a changeable manner.

Changeful
Change´ful, a. Full of change; mutable; inconstant; fickle; uncertain. Pope.
"His course had been changeful." - Motley.
— Change´ful•ly, adv. — Change´ful•ness, n.

Changeless
Change´less, a. That can not be changed; constant; as a changeless purpose. — Change´less•ness, n.

Changeling
Change´ling, n. [ Change + -ling.]
1. One who, or that which, is left or taken in the place of another, as a child exchanged by fairies.
"Such, men do changelings call, so changed by fairies’ theft." - Spenser.
"The changeling [a substituted writing] never known." - Shak.
2. A simpleton; an idiot. Macaulay.
"Changelings and fools of heaven, and thence shut out."
"Wildly we roam in discontent about." - Dryden.
3. One apt to change; a waverer. "Fickle changelings." Shak.

Changeling
Change´ling, a.
1. Taken or left in place of another; changed. "A little changeling boy." Shak.
2. Given to change; inconstant. [Obs.]
"Some are so studiously changeling." - Boyle.

Changer
Chan´ger, n.
1. One who changes or alters the form of anything.
2. One who deals in or changes money. John ii. 14.
3. One apt to change; an inconstant person.

Chank
Chank´ (chank), n. [Skr. çankha. See Conch.] (Zoöl.) The East Indian name for the large spiral shell of several species of sea conch much used in making bangles, esp. Turbinella pyrum. Called also chank shell.

Chanson
Chan´son, n. [F., fr. L. cantion song. See Cantion, Canzone.] A song. Shak.

Chansonnette
Chan•son•nette´, n. ; pl. Chansonnettes (#). [F., dim. of chanson.] A little song.
"These pretty little chansonnettes that he sung." - Black.

Chant, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chanting.] [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. of canere to sing. Cf. Cant affected speaking, and see Hen.]
1. To utter with a melodious voice; to sing.
"The cheerful birds … do chant sweet music." - Spenser.
2. To celebrate in song.
"The poets chant in the theaters." - Bramhall.
3. (Mus.) To sing or recite after the manner of a chant, or to a tune called a chant.

Chant, v. i.
1. To make melody with the voice; to sing. "Chant to the sound of the viol." Amos vi. 5.
2. (Mus.) To sing, as in reciting a chant. To chant (or chaunt)horses, to sing their praise; to overpraise; to cheat in selling. See Chaunter. Thackeray.

Chant, n. [F. chant, fr. L. cantus singing, song, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, v. t.]
1. Song; melody.
2. (Mus.) A short and simple melody, divided into two parts by double bars, to which unmetrical psalms, etc., are sung or recited. It is the most ancient form of choral music.
3. A psalm, etc., arranged for chanting.
4. Twang; manner of speaking; a canting tone. [R.]
"His strange face, his strange chant." - Macaulay.
Ambrosian chant, See under Ambrosian. Chant royal [F.], in old French poetry, a poem containing five strophes of eleven lines each, and a concluding stanza. — each of these six parts ending with a common refrain. — Gregorian chant. See under Gregorian.

Chanter
Chant´er (chant"er), n. [Cf. F. chanteur.]
1. One who chants; a singer or songster. Pope.
2. The chief singer of the chantry. J. Gregory.
3. The flute or finger pipe in a bagpipe. See Bagpipe.
4. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow.

Chantey
Chant´ey, n. [Cf. F. chanter to sing, and Chant. n. ] A sailor’s song.
"May we lift a deep-sea chantey such as seamen use at sea?" Kipling.

Chantor
Chant´or, n. A chanter.

Chantress
Chant´ress, n. [Cf. OF. chanteresse.] A female chanter or singer. Milton.

Chantry
Chant´ry, n. ; pl. Chantries (#). [OF. chanterie, fr. chanter to sing.]
1. An endowment or foundation for the chanting of masses and offering of prayers, commonly for the founder.
2. A chapel or altar so endowed. Cowell.

Chaomancy
Cha´o•man•cy, n. [Gr. the atmosphere + -mancy.] Divination by means of appearances in the air.

Chaos
Cha´os (ka"os), n. [L. chaos chaos (in senses 1 & 2), Gr. cha•os, fr. cha•inein (root cha) to yawn, to gape, to open widely. Cf. Chasm.]
1. An empty, immeasurable space; a yawning chasm. [Archaic]
"Between us and there is fixed a great chaos. Luke xvi. 26 (Rhemish Trans.)."
2. The confused, unorganized condition or mass of matter before the creation of distinct and orderly forms.
3. Any confused or disordered collection or state of things; a confused mixture; confusion; disorder.

Chaotically
Cha•ot´ic•al•ly, adv. In a chaotic manner.

Chap (chap or chop), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chapped (chapt or chopt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chapping.] [See Chop to cut.]
1. To cause to open in slits or chinks; to split; to cause the skin of to crack or become rough.
"Then would unbalanced heat licentious reign, Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain." - Blackmore.
"Nor winter’s blast chap her fair face." - Lyly.
2. To strike; to beat. [Scot.]

Chap, v. i.
1. To crack or open in slits; as the earth chaps; the hands chap.
2. To strike; to knock; to rap. [Scot.]

Chap, n. [From Chap, v. t. & i.]
1. A cleft, crack, or chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the skin.
2. A division; a breach, as in a party. [Obs.]
"Many clefts and chaps in our council board." - T. Fuller.
3. A blow; a rap. [Scot.]

Chap (chop), n. [OE. chaft; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel kjaptr jaw, Sw. Käft, D. kiaeft; akin to G. kiefer, and E. jowl. Cf. Chops.]
1. One of the jaws or the fleshy covering of a jaw; — commonly in the plural, and used of animals, and colloquially of human beings.
"His chaps were all besmeared with crimson blood." - Cowley.
"He unseamed him [Macdonald] from the nave to the chaps." - Shak.
2. One of the jaws or cheeks of a vise, etc.

Chap (chap), n. [Perh. abbreviated fr. chapman, but used in a more general sense; or cf. Dan. kiaeft jaw, person, E. chap jaw.]
1. A buyer; a chapman. [Obs.]
"If you want to sell, here is your chap." - Steele.
2. A man or boy; a youth; a fellow. [Colloq.]

Chap, v. i. [See Cheapen.] To bargain; to buy. [Obs.]

Chapareras
Cha•pa•re´ras, n. pl. [Mex. Sp.] Same as Chaparajos. [Sp. Amer.]

Chapbook
Chap´book, n. [See Chap to cheapen.] Any small book carried about for sale by chapmen or hawkers. Hence, any small book; a toy book.

Chapel
Chap´el, n. [OF. chapele, F. chapelle, fr. LL. capella, orig., a short cloak, hood, or cowl; later, a reliquary, sacred vessel, chapel; dim. of cappa, capa, cloak, cape, cope; also a covering for the head. The chapel where St. Martin’s cloak was preserved as a precious relic, itself came to be called capella, whence the name was applied to similar paces of worship, and the guardian of this cloak was called capellanus, or chaplain. See Cap, and cf. Chaplain., Chaplet.]
1. A subordinate place of worship; as (a) a small church, often a private foundation, as for a memorial; (b) a small building attached to a church; (c) a room or recess in a church, containing an altar. In Catholic churches, and also in cathedrals and abbey churches, chapels are usually annexed in the recesses on the sides of the aisles. Gwilt.
2. A place of worship not connected with a church; as the chapel of a palace, hospital, or prison.
3. In England, a place of worship used by dissenters from the Established Church; a meetinghouse.
4. A choir of singers, or an orchestra, attached to the court of a prince or nobleman.
5. (Print.) (a) A printing office, said to be so called because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of workmen in a printing office. Chapel of ease. (a) A chapel or dependent church built for the ease or a accommodation of an increasing parish, or for parishioners who live at a distance from the principal church. (b) A privy. (Law) — Chapel master, a director of music in a chapel; the director of a court or orchestra. — To build a chapel (Naut.), to chapel a ship. See Chapel, v. t., 2. — To hold a chapel, to have a meeting of the men employed in a printing office, for the purpose of considering questions affecting their interests.

Chapel
Chap´el, v. t.
1. To deposit or inter in a chapel; to enshrine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
2. (Naut.) To cause (a ship taken aback in a light breeze) so to turn or make a circuit as to recover, without bracing the yards, the same tack on which she had been sailing.

Chapeless
Chape´less, a. Without a chape.

Chapelet
Chap´e•let, n. [F. See Chaplet.]
1. A pair of straps, with stirrups, joined at the top and fastened to the pommel or the frame of the saddle, after they have been adjusted to the convenience of the rider. [Written also chaplet.]
2. A kind of chain pump, or dredging machine.

Chapelry
Chap´el•ry, n. [Cf. OF. chapelerie.] The territorial district legally assigned to a chapel.

Chaperon
Chap´er•on, n. [F. chaperon. See Chape, Cape, Cap.]
1. A hood; especially, an ornamental or an official hood.
"His head and face covered with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to look through." - Howell.
2. A device placed on the foreheads of horses which draw the hearse in pompous funerals.
3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, for propriety, or as a guide and protector.

Chaperon
Chap´er•on, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chaperoned p. pr. & vb. n. Chaperoning.] [Cf. F. chaperonner, fr. chaperon.] To attend in public places as a guide and protector; to matronize.
"Fortunately Lady Bell Finley, whom I had promised to chaperon, sent to excuse herself." - Hannah More.

Chapfallen
Chap´fall•en, a. Having the lower chap or jaw drooping, — an indication of humiliation and dejection; crestfallen; discouraged. See Chopfallen.

Chapless
Chap´less, a. Having no lower jaw; hence, fleshless. [R.] "Yellow, chapless skulls." Shak.

Chaplet
Chap´let, n. [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. Chapelet, Chapeau.]
1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head.
2. A string of beads, or part of a string, used by Roman Catholic in praying; a third of a rosary, or fifty beads.
"Her chaplet of beads and her missal." - Longfellow.
3. (Arch.) A small molding, carved into beads, pearls, olives, etc.
4. (Man.) A chapelet. See Chapelet, 1.
5. (Founding) A bent piece of sheet iron, or a pin with thin plates on its ends, for holding a core in place in the mold.
6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock’s head. Johnson.

Chaplet
Chap´let, n. A small chapel or shrine.

Chaplet
Chap´let, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chapleted.] To adorn with a chaplet or with flowers. R. Browning.

Chaps, n. pl. The jaws, or the fleshy parts about them. See Chap. "Open your chaps again." Shak.

Chaps, n. pl. Short for Chaparajos. [Colloq.]

Chaptrel
Chap´trel, n. [See Chapiter.] (Arch.) An impost. [Obs.] { Char, Charr } n. [Ir. cear, Gael. ceara, lit., red, blood-colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red belly.] (Zoöl.) One of the several species of fishes of the genus Salvelinus, allied to the spotted trout and salmon, inhabiting deep lakes in mountainous regions in Europe. In the United States, the brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) is sometimes called a char.

Char-a-bancs
Char•-a-bancs´, n. ; pl. Chars-a-banc (#). [F.] A long, light, open vehicle, with benches or seats running lengthwise.

Charact
Char´act, n. A distinctive mark; a character; a letter or sign. [Obs.] See Character.
"In all his dressings, characts, titles, forms." - Shak.

Characteristic
Char•ac•ter•is´tic, a. [Gr. : cf. F. characteristique.] Pertaining to, or serving to constitute, the character; showing the character, or distinctive qualities or traits, of a person or thing; peculiar; distinctive.
"Characteristic clearness of temper." - Macaulay.

Characteristic
Char•ac•ter•is´tic, n.
1. A distinguishing trait, quality, or property; an element of character; that which characterized. Pope.
"The characteristics of a true critic." - Johnson.
2. (Math.) The integral part (whether positive or negative) of a logarithm.

Characteristical
Char•ac•ter•is´tic•al, a. Characteristic.

Characteristically
Char•ac•ter•is´tic•al•ly, adv. In a characteristic manner; in a way that characterizes.

Characterization
Char•ac•ter•i•za´tion, n. The act or process of characterizing.

Characterize
Char´ac•ter•ize, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Characterized p. pr. & vb. n. Characterizing.] [LL. characterizare, Gr. : cf. F. characteriser.]
1. To make distinct and recognizable by peculiar marks or traits; to make with distinctive features.
"European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian faces are Characterized." - Arbuthnot.
2. To engrave or imprint. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.
3. To indicate the character of; to describe.
"Under the name of Tamerlane he intended to characterize King William." - Johnson.
4. To be a characteristic of; to make, or express the character of.
"The softness and effeminacy which characterize the men of rank in most countries." - W. Irving.
Syn. — To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; style; particularize; entitle.

Charactery
Char´ac•ter•y, n.
1. The art or means of characterizing; a system of signs or characters; symbolism; distinctive mark.
"Fairies use flowers for their charactery." - Shak.
2. That which is charactered; the meaning. [Obs.]
"I will construe to thee All the charactery of my sad brows." - Shak.

Charade
Cha•rade´, n. [F. charade, cf. Pr. charrada long chat, It ciarlare to chat, whence E. charlatan.] A verbal or acted enigma based upon a word which has two or more significant syllables or parts, each of which, as well as the word itself, is to be guessed from the descriptions or representations.

Charbocle
Char´bo•cle, n. Carbuncle. [Written also Charboncle.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Charbon
Char´bon, n. [F., coal, charbon.]
1. (Far.) A small black spot or mark remaining in the cavity of the corner tooth of a horse after the large spot or mark has become obliterated.
2. A very contagious and fatal disease of sheep, horses, and cattle. See Maligmant pustule.

Chare (châr), n. A narrow street. [Prov. Eng.]

Chare, n. & v. A chore; to chore; to do. See Char.

Chargeable
Charge´a•ble, a.
1. That may be charged, laid, imposed, or imputes; as a duty chargeable on iron; a fault chargeable on a man.
2. Subject to be charge or accused; liable or responsible; as revenues chargeable with a claim; a man chargeable with murder.
3. Serving to create expense; costly; burdensome.
"That we might not be chargeable to any of you." - 2. Thess. iii. 8.
"For the sculptures, which are elegant, were very chargeable." - Evelyn.

Chargeableness
Charge´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being chargeable or expensive. [Obs.] Whitelocke.

Chargeably
Charge´a•bly, adv. At great cost; expensively. [Obs.]

Chargeant
Char´geant, a. [F. chargeant, fr. charger to load.] Burdensome; troublesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chargeful
Charge´ful, a. Costly; expensive. [Obs.]
"The fineness of the gold and chargeful fashion." - Shak.

Chargehouse
Charge´house, n. A schoolhouse. [Obs.]

Chargeless
Charge´less, a. Free from, or with little, charge.

Chargeous
Char´geous, a. Burdensome. [Obs.]
"I was chargeous to no man. Wyclif, (2 Cor. xi. 9)."

Charger
Char´ger, n.
1. One who, or that which charges.
2. An instrument for measuring or inserting a charge.
3. A large dish. [Obs.]
"Give me here John Baptist’s head in a charger." - Matt. xiv. 8.
4. A horse for battle or parade. Macaulay.
"And furious every charger neighed." - Campbell.

Chargeship
Char•ge´ship, n. The office of a charge d’affaires.

Charily
Char´i•ly, adv. In a chary manner; carefully; cautiously; frugally.

Chariness
Char´i•ness, n. The quality of being chary.

Chariot
Char´i•ot, n. [F. Chariot, from char car. See Car.]
1. (Antiq.) A two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc.
"First moved the chariots, after whom the foot." - Cowper.
2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. Shak.

Chariot
Char´i•ot, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Charioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Charioting.] To convey in a chariot. Milton.

Charioteer
Char•i•ot•eer´, n.
1. One who drives a chariot.
2. (Astron.) A constellation. See Auriga, and Wagones.

Charismatic
Char•is•mat´ic, a. Of or pertaining to a charism.

Charitable
Char´i•ta•ble, a. [F. See Charity.]
1. Full of love and good will; benevolent; kind.
"Be thy intents wicked or charitable, … … I will speak to thee." - Shak.
2. Liberal in judging of others; disposed to look on the best side, and to avoid harsh judgment.
3. Liberal in benefactions to the poor; giving freely; generous; beneficent.
"What charitable men afford to beggars." - Shak.
4. Of or pertaining to charity; springing from, or intended for, charity; relating to almsgiving; eleemosynary; as a charitable institution.
5. Dictated by kindness; favorable; lenient.
"By a charitable construction it may be a sermon." - L. Andrews.
Syn. — Kind; beneficent; benevolent; generous; lenient; forgiving; helpful; liberal; favorable; indulgent.

Charitably
Char´i•ta•bly, adv. In a charitable manner.

Charity
Char´i•ty, n. ; pl. Charities (#). [F. charite fr. L. caritas dearness, high regard, love, from carus dear, costly, loved; asin to Skr. kam to wish, love, cf. Ir. cara a friend, W. caru to love. Cf. Caress.]
1. Love; universal benevolence; good will.
"Now abideth faith, hope, charity, three; but the greatest of these is charity." - 1. Cor. xiii. 13.
"They, at least, are little to be envied, in whose hearts the great charities … lie dead." - Ruskin.
"With malice towards none, with charity for all." - Lincoln.
2. Liberality in judging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to put the best construction on the words and actions of others.
"The highest exercise of charity is charity towards the uncharitable." - Buckminster.
3. Liberality to the poor and the suffering, to benevolent institutions, or to worthy causes; generosity.
"The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to the Trojans, spake like a Christian." - Dryden.
4. Whatever is bestowed gratuitously on the needy or suffering for their relief; alms; any act of kindness.
"She did ill then to refuse her a charity. L’Estrange."
5. A charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such an institution; as Lady Margaret’s charity.
6. pl. (Law) Eleemosynary appointments [grants or devises] including relief of the poor or friendless, education, religious culture, and public institutions.
"The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless, Are scattered at the feet of man like flowers." - Wordsworth.
Sisters of Charity (R. C. Ch.), a sisterhood of religious women engaged in works of mercy, esp. in nursing the sick; — a popular designation. There are various orders of the Sisters of Charity.
Syn. — Love; benevolence; good will; affection; tenderness; beneficence; liberality; almsgiving.

Chark, n. [Abbrev. fr. charcoal.] Charcoal; a cinder. [Obs.] DeFoe.

Chark, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Charked ] To burn to a coal; to char. [Obs.]

Charlatanism
Char´la•tan•ism, n. [Cf. F. charlatanisme.] Charlatanry.

Charlatanry
Char´la•tan•ry, n. [F. charlatanrie, from It. ciarlataneria. See Charlatan.] Undue pretensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; empiricism.

Charlock
Char´lock, n. [AS. cerlic; the latter part perh. fr. AS. leác leek. Cf. Hemlock.] (Bot.) A cruciferous plant ( Brassica sinapistrum) with yellow flowers; wild mustard. It is troublesome in grain fields. Called also chardock, chardlock, chedlock, and kedlock. Jointed charlock, White charlock, a troublesome weed ( Raphanus Raphanistrum) with straw-colored, whitish, or purplish flowers, and jointed pods: wild radish.

Charm (chärm), n. [F. charme, fr. L. carmen song, verse, incantation, for casmen, akin to Skr. çasman, çasa, a laudatory song, from a root signifying to praise, to sing.]
1. A melody; a song. [Obs.]
"With charm of earliest birds." - Milton.
"Free liberty to chant our charms at will." - Spenser.
2. A word or combination of words sung or spoken in the practice of magic; a magical combination of words, characters, etc.; an incantation.
"My high charms work." - Shak.
3. That which exerts an irresistible power to please and attract; that which fascinates; any alluring quality.
"Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul." - Pope.
"The charm of beauty’s powerful glance." - Milton.
4. Anything worn for its supposed efficacy to the wearer in averting ill or securing good fortune.
5. Any small decorative object worn on the person, as a seal, a key, a silver whistle, or the like. Bunches of charms are often worn at the watch chain.
Syn. - Spell; incantation; conjuration; enchantment; fascination; attraction.

Charm, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Charmed p. pr. & vb. n. Charming.] [Cf. F. charmer. See Charm, n. ]
1. To make music upon; to tune. [Obs. & R.]
"Here we our slender pipes may safely charm." - Spenser.
2. To subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to affect by magic.
"No witchcraft charm thee!" - Shak.
3. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe.
"Music the fiercest grief can charm." - Pope.
4. To attract irresistibly; to delight exceedingly; to enchant; to fascinate.
"They, on their mirth and dance Intent, with jocund music charm his ear." - Milton.
5. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences; as a charmed life.
"I, in my own woe charmed, Could not find death." - Shak.
Syn. - To fascinate; enchant; enrapture; captivate; bewitch; allure; subdue; delight; entice; transport.

Charm, v. i.
1. To use magic arts or occult power; to make use of charms.
"The voice of charmers, charming never so wisely." - Ps. lviii. 5.
2. To act as or produce the effect of, a charm; to please greatly; to be fascinating.
3. To make a musical sound. [Obs.] Milton.

Charmel
Char´mel, n. [Heb.] A fruitful field.
"Libanus shall be turned into charmel, and charmel shall be esteemed as a forest. Isa. xxix. 17 (Douay version)."

Charmer
Charm´er, n.
1. One who charms, or has power to charm; one who uses the power of enchantment; a magician. Deut. xviii. 11.
2. One who delights and attracts the affections.

Charmeress
Charm´er•ess, n. An enchantress. Chaucer.

Charmful
Charm´ful, a. Abounding with charms. "His charmful lyre." Cowley.

Charming
Charm´ing, a. Pleasing the mind or senses in a high degree; delighting; fascinating; attractive.
"How charming is divine philosophy." - Milton.
Syn. - Enchanting; bewitching; captivating; enrapturing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable; graceful; lovely; amiable; pleasing; winning. — Charm´ing•ly, adv. — Charm´ing•ness, n.

Charmless
Charm´less, a. Destitute of charms. Swift. { Char´ne•co, Char´ni•co }, n. A sort of sweet wine. [Obs.] Shak.

Charnel
Char´nel, a. [F. charnel carnal, fleshly, fr. L. carnalis. See Carnal.] Containing the bodies of the dead. "Charnel vaults." Milton. Charnel house, a tomb, vault, cemetery, or other place where the bones of the dead are deposited; originally, a place for the bones thrown up when digging new graves in old burial grounds.

Charnel
Char´nel, n. A charnel house; a grave; a cemetery.
"In their proud charnel of Thermopylae." - Byron.

Charon
Cha´ron, n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Cless. Myth.) The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office it was to ferry the souls of the dead over the Styx, a river of the infernal regions. Shak.

Charpie
Char´pie, n. [F., properly fem. p. p. of OF. charpir, carpir, to pluck, fr. L. carpere. Cf. Carpet.] (Med.) Straight threads obtained by unraveling old linen cloth; — used for surgical dressings.

Charr, n. See 1st Char.

Charterer
Char´ter•er, n. One who charters; esp. one who hires a ship for a voyage.

Charterhouse
Char´ter•house, n. A well known public school and charitable foundation in the building once used as a Carthusian monastery ( Chartreuse) in London.

Charterist
Char´ter•ist, n. Same as Chartist.

Chartless
Chart´less, a.
1. Without a chart; having no guide.
2. Not mapped; uncharted; vague. Barlow.

Chartographer
Char•tog´ra•pher, n. , Char•to•graph´ic, a. , Char•tog´ra•phy, n. , etc. Same as Cartographer, Cartographic, Cartography, etc.

Chartreuse
Char•treuse´, n. [F.]
1. A Carthusian monastery; esp. La Grande Chartreuse, mother house of the order, in the mountains near Grenoble, France.
2. An alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromatic herbs; — made at La Grande Chartreuse.

Chartreux
Char•treux´, n. [F.] A Carthusian.

Chartulary
Char´tu•la•ry, n. See Cartulary.

Chase, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chased p. pr. & vb. n. Chasing.] [OF. chacier, F. chasser, fr. (assumed) LL. captiare, fr. L. captare to strive to seize. See Catch.]
1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or taking, as an enemy, or game; to hunt.
"We are those which chased you from the field." - Shak.
"Philologists, who chase A panting syllable through time and place." - Cowper.
2. To follow as if to catch; to pursue; to compel to move on; to drive by following; to cause to fly; — often with away or off; as to chase the hens away.
"Chased by their brother’s endless malice from prince to prince and from place to place." - Knolles.
3. To pursue eagerly, as hunters pursue game.
"Chasing each other merrily." - Tennyson.

Chase, v. i. To give chase; to hunt; as to chase around after a doctor. [Colloq.]

Chase, n. [Cf. F. chasse, fr. chasser. See Chase, v. ]
1. Vehement pursuit for the purpose of killing or capturing, as of an enemy, or game; an earnest seeking after any object greatly desired; the act or habit of hunting; a hunt. "This mad chase of fame." Dryden.
"You see this chase is hotly followed." - Shak.
2. That which is pursued or hunted.
"Nay, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase, For I myself must hunt this deer to death." - Shak.
3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and which is private properly, thus differing from a forest, which is not private property, and from a park, which is inclosed. Sometimes written chace. [Eng.]
4. (Court Tennis) A division of the floor of a gallery, marked by a figure or otherwise; the spot where a ball falls, and between which and the dedans the adversary must drive his ball in order to gain a point. Chase gun (Naut.), a cannon placed at the bow or stern of an armed vessel, and used when pursuing an enemy, or in defending the vessel when pursued. — Chase port (Naut.), a porthole from which a chase gun is fired. — Stern chase (Naut.), a chase in which the pursuing vessel follows directly in the wake of the vessel pursued.

Chase, n. [F. cháse, fr. L. capsa box, case. See Case a box.] (Print.)
1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or columns of type are imposed.
2. (Mil.) The part of a cannon from the reënforce or the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. See Cannon.
3. A groove, or channel, as in the face of a wall; a trench, as for the reception of drain tile.
4. (Shipbuilding) A kind of joint by which an overlap joint is changed to a flush joint, by means of a gradually deepening rabbet, as at the ends of clinker-built boats.

Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase.]
1. To ornament (a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, and the like.
2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread.

Chaser
Chas´er, n.
1. One who or that which chases; a pursuer; a driver; a hunter.
2. (Naut.) Same as Chase gun, esp. in terms bow chaser and stern chaser. See under Bow, Stern.

Chaser
Chas´er, n.
1. One who chases or engraves. See 5th Chase, and Enchase.
2. (Mech.) A tool with several points, used for cutting or finishing screw threads, either external or internal, on work revolving in a lathe.

Chasm, n. [L. chasma, Gr., fr. to grape, to open wide. See Chaos.]
1. A deep opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a yawning abyss; a cleft; a fissure.
"That deep, romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill." - Coleridge.
2. A void space; a gap or break, as in ranks of men.
"Memory … fills up the chasms of thought." - Addison.

Chasmy
Chas´my, a. Of or pertaining to a chasm; abounding in chasms. Carlyle.
"They cross the chasmy torrent’s foam-lit bed." - Wordsworth.

Chasse
Chas•se´, n. [F., fr. chasse, p. p. of chasser to chase.] A movement in dancing, as across or to the right or left.

Chasse
Chas•se´, v. i. (Dancing) To make the movement called chasse; as all chasse; chasse to the right or left.

Chasse, n. [See Chasse- cafe] A small potion of spirituous liquor taken to remove the taste of coffee, tobacco, or the like; — originally chasse-cafe, lit., "coffee chaser."

Chasse-maree
Chasse•-ma•ree´, n. [F., fr. chasser to chase + maree tide.] (Naut.) A French coasting lugger.

Chassepot
Chasse•pot´, n. [From the French inventor, A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) A kind of breechloading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun.

Chasseur
Chas•seur´, n. [F., a huntsman. See Chase to pursue.]
1. (Mil.) One of a body of light troops, cavalry or infantry, trained for rapid movements.
2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword.
"The great chasseur who had announced her arrival." - W. Irving.

Chast (chast), v. t. to chasten. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chaste (chast), a. [F. chaste, from L. castus pure, chaste; cf. Gr. kaqaro•s pure, Skr. çudth to purify.]
1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse; virtuous; continent. "As chaste as Diana." Shak.
"Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced." - Milton.
2. Pure in thought and act; innocent; free from lewdness and obscenity, or indecency in act or speech; modest; as a chaste mind; chaste eyes.
3. Pure in design and expression; correct; free from barbarisms or vulgarisms; refined; simple; as a chaste style in composition or art.
"That great model of chaste, lofty, and eloquence, the Book of Common Prayer." - Macaulay.
4. Unmarried. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Syn. — Undefiled; pure; virtuous; continent; immaculate; spotless. Chaste tree. Same as Agnus castus.

Chasten
Chas´ten (cha"s’n), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chastened (-s’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] [OE. chastien, OF. Chastier, F. Chtier, fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise; castus pure + agere to lead, drive. See Chaste, Act, and cf. Castigate, Chastise.]
1. To correct by punishment; to inflict pain upon the purpose of reclaiming; to discipline; as to chasten a son with a rod.
"For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth." - Heb. xii. 6.
2. To purify from errors or faults; to refine.
"They [classics] chasten and enlarge the mind, and excite to noble actions." - Layard.
Syn. — To chastise; punish; correct; discipline; castigate; afflict; subdue; purify. To Chasten, Punish, Chastise. To chasten is to subject to affliction or trouble, in order to produce a general change for the better in life or character. To punish is to inflict penalty for violation of law, disobedience to authority, or intentional wrongdoing. To chastise is to punish a particular offense, as with stripes, especially with the hope that suffering or disgrace may prevent a repetition of faults.

Chastener
Chas´ten•er, n. One who chastens.

Chasteness
Chaste´ness, n.
1. Chastity; purity.
2. (Literature & Art) Freedom from all that is meretricious, gaudy, or affected; as chasteness of design.

Chastisable
Chas•tis´a•ble, a. Capable or deserving of chastisement; punishable. Sherwood.

Chastise
Chas•tise´ (chas•tiz"), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chastised (- tizd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastising.] [OE. chastisen; chastien + ending -isen + modern -ise, -ize, L. - izare, Gr. -i•zein. See Chasten.]
1. To inflict pain upon, by means of stripes, or in any other manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation; to punish, as with stripes.
"How fine my master is! I am afraid He will chastise me." - Shak.
"I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting chemists thus discovered and chastised." - Boyle.
2. To reduce to order or obedience; to correct or purify; to free from faults or excesses.
"The gay, social sense, by decency chastised." - Thomson.
Syn. — See Chasten.

Chastity
Chas´ti•ty, n. [F. chastete, fr. L. castitas, fr. castus. See Chaste.]
1. The state of being chaste; purity of body; freedom from unlawful sexual intercourse.
"She … hath preserved her spotless chastity." - T. Carew.
2. Moral purity.
"So dear to heaven is saintly chastity, That, when a soul is found sicerely so A thousand liveried angels lackey her." - Milton.
3. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.
4. (Literature & Art) Chasteness.

Chat, v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Chatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chatting.] [From Chatter. rad.22.] To talk in a light and familiar manner; to converse without form or ceremony; to gossip. Shak.
"To chat a while on their adventures." - Dryden.
Syn. — To talk; chatter; gossip; converse.

Chat, v. t. To talk of. [Obs.]

Chat, n.
1. Light, familiar talk; conversation; gossip.
"Snuff, or fan, supply each pause of chat, With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that." - Pope.
2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Icteria, allied to the warblers, in America. The best known species are the yellow-breasted chat ( I. viridis), and the long-tailed chat ( I. longicauda). In Europe the name is given to several birds of the family Saxicolidae, as the stonechat, and whinchat. Bush chat. (Zoöl.) See under Bush.

Chat, n.
1. A twig, cone, or little branch. See Chit.
2. pl. (Mining) Small stones with ore. Chat potatoes, small potatoes, such as are given to swine. [Local.]

Chatelet
Chat´e•let, n. [F. châtelet, dim. of château. See Castle.] A little castle.

Chatoyant
Cha•toy´ant, a. [F., p. pr. of chatoyer to be chatoyant, fr. chat cat.] (Min.) Having a changeable, varying luster, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or oa a cat’s eye in the dark.

Chatoyant
Cha•toy´ant, n. (Min.) A hard stone, as the cat’s-eye, which presents on a polished surface, and in the interior, an undulating or wary light.

Chatoyment
Cha•toy´ment, n. [F. chatoiement. See Chatoyant.] Changeableness of color, as in a mineral; play of colors. Cleaceland.

Chatter
Chat´ter, v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Chattered p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] [Of imitative origin. Cf. Chat, v. i. Chitter.]
1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble language, but are inarticulate and indistinct.
"The jaw makes answer, as the magpie chatters." - Wordsworth.
2. To talk idly, carelessly, or with undue rapidity; to jabber; to prate.
"To tame a shrew, and charm her chattering tongue." - Shak.
3. To make a noise by rapid collisions.
"With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright." - Dryden.

Chatter
Chat´ter, v. t. To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly.
"Begin his witless note apace to chatter." - Spenser.

Chatter
Chat´ter, n.
1. Sounds like those of a magpie or monkey; idle talk; rapid, thoughtless talk; jabber; prattle.
"Your words are but idle and empty chatter." - Longfellow.
2. Noise made by collision of the teeth, as in shivering.

Chatter mark
Chat"ter mark. (a) (Mach.) One of the fine undulations or ripples which are formed on the surface of work by a cutting tool which chatters. (b) (Geol.) A short crack on a rock surface planed smooth by a glacier.

Chatteration
Chat•ter•a´tion, n. The act or habit of chattering. [Colloq.]

Chatterer
Chat´ter•er, n.
1. A prater; an idle talker.
2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Ampelidae — so called from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer ( Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird.

Chattering
Chat´ter•ing, n. The act or habit of talking idly or rapidly, or of making inarticulate sounds; the sounds so made; noise made by the collision of the teeth; chatter.

Chattiness
Chat´ti•ness, n. The quality of being chatty, or of talking easily and pleasantly.

Chatty
Chat´ty, a. Given to light, familiar talk; talkative. Lady M. W. Montagu.

Chatty
Chat´ty, n. [Tamil shati.] A porous earthen pot used in India for cooling water, etc.

Chatwood
Chat´wood, n. [ Chat a little stick + wood.] Little sticks; twigs for burning; fuel. Johnson.

Chaud-medley
Chaud´-med•ley, n. [F. chaude mêlee; chaud hot + mêler (Formerly sometimes spelt medler) to mingle.] (Law) The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley or killing in self- defense, or in a casual affray. Burrill.

Chaudron
Chau´dron, n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chauffeuse
Chauf•feuse´, n. [F., fem. of chauffeur.] A woman chauffeur.

Chauldron
Chaul´dron, n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chaunt, n. & v. See Chant.

Chausses, n. pl. [F.] The garment for the legs and feet and for the body below the waist, worn in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; applied also to the armor for the same parts, when fixible, as of chain mail.

Chaussure
Chaus•sure´, n. [F.] A foot covering of any kind.

Chau•tau"qua sys"tem (of education) The system of home study established in connection with the summer schools assembled at Chautauqua, N. Y., by the Methodist Episcopal bishop, J. H. Vincent.

Chauvinism
Chau´vin•ism, n. [F. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a character represented as making grotesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.] Blind and absurd devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause; hence, absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism. — Chau´vin•ist, n. — Chau•vin•is´tic, a. To have a generous belief in the greatness of one’s country is not chauvinism. It is the character of the latter quality to be wildly extravagant, to be fretful and childish and silly, to resent a doubt as an insult, and to offend by its very frankness. Prof. H. Tuttle.

Chavender
Chav´en•der, n. [Cf. Cheven.] (Zoöl.) The chub. Walton.

Chay root
Chay" root [Tamil shaya.] The root of the Oldenlandia umbellata, native in India, which yieds a durable red dyestuff. [Written also choy root.]

Chazy epoch
Cha•zy" ep"och (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the Canadian period of the American Lower Silurian system; — so named from a township in Clinton Co., New York. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cheapen
Cheap´en, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Cheapened p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupon to trade. Cf. Chap to bargain.]
1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.]
"Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy." - Swift.
2. [Cf. Cheap, a. ] To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope.
"My proffered love has cheapened me." - Dryden.

Cheaply
Cheap´ly, adv. At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner.

Cheapness
Cheap´ness, n. Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value.

Chear, n. & v. [Obs.] See Cheer.

Cheatable
Cheat´a•ble, a. Capable of being cheated.

Cheatableness
Cheat´a•ble•ness, n. Capability of being cheated.

Cheater
Cheat´er, n.
1. One who cheats.
2. An escheator. [R.] Shak.

Chebacco
Che•bac´co, n. [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.) A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; — called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett.

Chebec
Che´bec, n. (Naut.) See Chebacco.

Chebec
Che•bec´, n. [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A small American bird ( Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher.

Check, n. [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. echec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. echecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shah king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.]
1. (Chess) A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player’s king by an adversary’s move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture. A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move.
2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as to hold an enemy in check.
"Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity." - Addison.
"No check, no stay, this streamlet fears." - Wordsworth.
3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff.
"Useful check upon the administration of government." - Washington.
"A man whom no check could abash." - Macaulay.
4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad.
5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below.
6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also cloth having such a figure.
7. (Falconry) The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds.
8. Small chick or crack. Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. — Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. — Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. — Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. — Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. — Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. — To take check, to take offense. [Obs.] Dryden.
Syn. — Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft.

Check, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Checked p. pr. & vb. n. checking.]
1. (Chess) To make a move which puts an adversary’s piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check.
2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb.
"So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression." - Burke.
3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as to check an account; to check baggage.
4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove.
"The good king, his master, will check him for it." - Shak.
5. (Naut.) To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended.
6. To make checks or chinks in; to cause to crack; as the sun checks timber.
Syn. — To restrain; curb; bridle; repress; control; hinder; impede; obstruct; interrupt; tally; rebuke; reprove; rebuff.

Check, v. i. To make a stop; to pause; — with a. .
"The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after." - Locke.
2. To clash or interfere. [R.] Bacon.
3. To act as a curb or restraint.
"It [his presence] checks too strong upon me." - Dryden.
4. To crack or gape open, as wood in drying; or to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, etc.
5. (Falconry) To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other birds.
"And like the haggard, check at every feather That comes before his eye." - Shak.

Check, a. Checkered; designed in checks.

Checkage
Check´age, n.
1. The act of checking; as the checkage of a name or of an item in a list.
2. The items, or the amount, to which attention is called by a check or checks.

Checker
Check´er, n. [From Check, v. t.] One who checks.

Checker
Check´er (chek"er), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Checkered (- erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] [From OF. eschequier a chessboard, F. echiquier. See Check, n. , and cf. 3d Checker.]
1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard, as by crossing stripes of different colors.
2. To variegate or diversify with different qualities, colors, scenes, or events; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosperity and adversity.
"Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood." - Addison.

Checker
Check´er, n. [OF. eschequier. See Checker, v. t.]
1. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers.
2. A pattern in checks; a single check.
3. Checkerwork. This word is also written chequer.

Checkerboard
Check´er•board (-bord•), n. A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for playing checkers or draughts.

Checkered
Check´ered (-erd), a.
1. Marked with alternate squares or checks of different color or material.
"Dancing in the checkered shade." - Milton.
2. Diversified or variegated in a marked manner, as in appearance, character, circumstances, etc.
"This checkered narrative." - Macaulay.

Checkers
Check´ers (chek"erz), n. pl. [See Checher, v. ] A game, called also daughts, played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having twelve men (counters or checkers) which are moved diagonally. The game is ended when either of the players has lost all his men, or can not move them.

Checklaton
Check´la•ton, n.
1. Ciclatoun. [Obs.]
2. Gilded leather. [Obs.] Spenser.

Checkless
Check´less, a. That can not be checked or restrained.

Checkmate
Check´mate, n. [F. echec et mat, fr. Per. shah mat ceckmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mata he died, is dead. The king, when made prisoner, or checkmated, is assumed to be dead, and the game is finished. See Chess.]
1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in check and cannot be released, — which ends the game.
2. A complete check; utter defeat or overthrow.

Checkmate
Check´mate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.]
1. (Chess) To check (an adversary’s king) in such a manner that escape in impossible; to defeat (an adversary) by putting his king in check from which there is no escape.
2. To defeat completely; to terminate; to thwart.
"To checkmate and control my just demands." - Ford.

Checkroll
Check´roll, n. A list of servants in a household; — called also chequer roll.

Checkstring
Check´string, n. A cord by which a person in a carriage or horse car may signal to the driver.

Checkwork
Check´work, n. Anything made so as to form alternate squares like those of a checkerboard.

Checky
Check´y (chek"y), a. (Her.) Divided into small alternating squares of two tinctures; — said of the field or of an armorial bearing. [Written also checquy, chequy.]

Cheddar
Ched´dar, a. Of or pertaining to, or made at, Cheddar, in England; as Cheddar cheese.

Cheek (chek), n. [OE. cheke, cheoke, AS. ceàce, ceòce; cf. Goth. kukjan to kiss, D. kaak cheek; perh. akin to E. chew, jaw.]
1. The side of the face below the eye.
2. The cheek bone. [Obs.] Caucer.
3. pl. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine, or of any timber, or stone work, which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pair; as the cheeks (jaws) of a vise; the cheeks of a gun carriage, etc.
4. pl. The branches of a bridle bit. Knight.
5. (Founding) A section of a flask, so made that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mold; the middle part of a flask.
6. Cool confidence; assurance; impudence. [Slang] Cheek of beef. See Illust. of Beef. — Cheek bone (Anat.) the bone of the side of the face; esp., the malar bone. — Cheek by jowl, side by side; very intimate. — Cheek pouch (Zoöl.), a sacklike dilation of the cheeks of certain monkeys and rodents, used for holding food. — Cheeks of a block, the two sides of the shell of a tackle block. — Cheeks of a mast, the projection on each side of a mast, upon which the trestletrees rest. — Cheek tooth (Anat.), a hinder or molar tooth. — Butment cheek. See under Butment.

Cheek (chek), v. t. To be impudent or saucy to. [Slang.]

Cheeked (chekt), a. Having a cheek; — used in composition. "Rose- cheeked Adonis." Shak.

Cheeky
Cheek´y, a Brazen-faced; impudent; bold. [Slang.]

Cheep (chep), v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Cheeped (chept).] [Cf. Chirp]. To chirp, as a young bird.

Cheep, v. t. To give expression to in a chirping tone.
"Cheep and twitter twenty million loves." - Tennyson.

Cheep, n. A chirp, peep, or squeak, as of a young bird or mouse.

Cheer (cher), n. [OE. chere face, welcome, cheer, OF. chiere, F. chère, fr. LL. cara face, Gr. ka•ra head; akin to Skr. çiras, L. cerebrum brain, G. hirn, and E. cranium.]
1. The face; the countenance or its expression. [Obs.] "Sweat of thy cheer." Wyclif.
2. Feeling; spirit; state of mind or heart.
"Be of good cheer." - Matt. ix. 2.
"The parents … fled away with heavy cheer." - Holland.
3. Gayety; mirth; cheerfulness; animation.
"I have not that alacrity of spirit, Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have." - Shak.
1. That which promotes good spirits or cheerfulness; provisions prepared for a feast; entertainment; as a table loaded with good cheer.
5. A shout, hurrah, or acclamation, expressing joy enthusiasm, applause, favor, etc.
"Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street." - Tennyson.
Whzt cheer? Now do you fare? What is there that is cheering?

Cheer, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Cheered p. pr. & vb. n. cheering.]
1. To cause to rejoice; to gladden; to make cheerful; — often with up. Cowpe.
2. To infuse life, courage, animation, or hope, into; to inspirit; to solace or comfort.
"The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered." - Dryden.
3. To salute or applaud with cheers; to urge on by cheers; as to cheer hounds in a chase. To cheer ship, to salute a passing ship by cheers of sailors stationed in the rigging.
Syn. — To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; applaud.

Cheer, v. i.
1. To grow cheerful; to become gladsome or joyous; — usually with up.
"At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up." - A. Philips.
2. To be in any state or temper of mind. [Obs.]
"How cheer’st thou, Jessica?" - Shak.
3. To utter a shout or shouts of applause, triumph, etc.
"And even the ranks of Tusculum Could scare forbear to cheer." - Macaulay.

Cheerer
Cheer´er, n. One who cheers; one who, or that which, gladdens. "Thou cheerer of our days." Wotton. "Prime cheerer, light." Thomson.

Cheerful
Cheer´ful, a. Having or showing good spirits or joy; cheering; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated; willing.
"To entertain a cheerful disposition." - Shak.
"The cheerful birds of sundry kind Do chant sweet music." - Spenser.
"A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God." - Macaulay.
"This general applause and cheerful shout." - Shak.
Syn. — Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly; joyous; vivacious; buoyant; sunny; happy; hopeful.

Cheerfully
Cheer´ful•ly, adv. In a cheerful manner, gladly.

Cheerfulness
Cheer´ful•ness, n. Good spirits; a state of moderate joy or gayety; alacrity.

Cheerily
Cheer´i•ly, adv. In a cheery manner.

Cheeriness
Cheer´i•ness, n. The state of being cheery.

Cheeringly
Cheer´ing•ly, adv. In a manner to cheer or encourage.

Cheerisness
Cheer´is•ness, n. Cheerfulness. [Obs.]
"There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness." - Milton.

Cheerless
Cheer´less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort. — Cheer´less•ly, adv. — Cheer´less•ness, n.
"My cheerful day is turned to cheerless night." - Spenser.
Syn. — Gloomy; sad; comfortless; dispiriting; dicsconsolate; dejected; melancholy; forlorn.

Cheerly
Cheer´ly, a. Gay; cheerful. [Obs.] Shak.

Cheerly
Cheer´ly, adv. Cheerily. [Archaic] Tennyson.

Cheerry
Cheer´ry, a. Cheerful; lively; gay; bright; pleasant; as a cheery person.
"His cheery little study, where the sunshine glimmered so pleasantly." - Hawthorne.

Cheese, n. [OE. chese, AS. cese, fr. L. caseus, LL. casius. Cf. Casein.]
1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually with rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a solid mass in a hoop or mold.
2. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, pressed together in the form of a cheese.
3. The flat, circular, mucilaginous fruit of the dwarf mallow ( Malva rotundifolia). [Colloq.]
4. A low courtesy; — so called on account of the cheese form assumed by a woman’s dress when she stoops after extending the skirts by a rapid gyration. De Quincey. Thackeray. Cheese cake, a cake made of or filled with, a composition of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior. — Cheese fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous insect ( Piophila casei) of which the larvae or maggots, called skippers or hoppers, live in cheese. — Cheese mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite ( Tryoglyhus siro) in cheese and other articles of food. — Cheese press, a press used in making cheese, to separate the whey from the curd, and to press the curd into a mold. — Cheese rennet (Bot.), a plant of the Madder family ( Golium verum, or yellow bedstraw), sometimes used to coagulate milk. The roots are used as a substitute for madder. — Cheese vat, a vat or tub in which the curd is formed and cut or broken, in cheese making.

Cheeselep
Cheese´lep, n. [Cf. Keslop.] A bag in which rennet is kept.

Cheeseparing
Cheese´par•ing, n. A thin portion of the rind of a cheese. — a. Scrimping; mean; as cheeseparing economy.

Cheesiness
Chees´i•ness, n. The quality of being cheesy.

Cheesy
Chees´y, a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, form, consistency, or appearance of cheese.

Cheetah
Chee´tah, n. [Hind. chita.] (Zoöl.) A species of leopard ( Cynaelurus jubatus) tamed and used for hunting in India. The woolly cheetah of South Africa is C. laneus. [Written also chetah.]

Chef, n. [F.]
1. A chief of head person.
2. The head cook of large establishment, as a club, a family, etc.
3. (Her.) Same as Chief.

Cheilopoda
Chei•lop´o•da, n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Chilopoda.

Cheiroptera
Chei•rop´te•ra (k>isl/•rop"ter), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chei•r hand + ptero•n wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat.

Cheiropterygium
Chei•rop•te•ryg´i•um, n. ; pl. Cheiropterygia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. hand + ; wing, fin.] (Anat.) The typical pentadactyloid limb of the higher vertebrates.

Cheirosophy
Chei•ros´o•phy, n. [Gr. hand + knowledge.] The art of reading character as it is delineated in the hand. — Chei•ros´o•phist, n.

Cheirotherium
Chei•ro•the´ri•um, n. [NL., fr. Gr. hand + beast.] (Poleon.) A genus of extinct animals, so named from fossil footprints rudely resembling impressions of the human hand, and believed to have been made by labyrinthodont reptiles. See Illustration in Appendix.

Chekelatoun
Chek•e•la•toun´, n. See Ciclatoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chela
Che´la, n. ; pl. Chelae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw.] (Zoöl.) The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida.

Chela
Che´la, n. [Hind. chela, orig., slave, fr. Skr. ceta, cetaka, slave, servant.] In India, a dependent person occupying a position between that of a servant or slave and a disciple; hence, a disciple or novice. — Che´la•ship, n.

Chelate
Che´late, a. (Zoöl.) Same as Cheliferous.

Chelicera
Che•lic´e•ra (ke•lis"e•ra), n. ; pl. Chelicerae (-re). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects.

Chelidon
Chel´i•don, n. [NL., fr. Gr. chelidw•n.] (Anat.) The hollow at the flexure of the arm.

Chelidonic
Chel•i•don´ic, a. [See Celandine.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the celandine. Chelidonic acid, a weak acid extracted from the celandine ( Chelidonium majus), as a white crystalline substance.

Chelifer
Chel´i•fer, n. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -fer.] (Zoöl.) See Book scorpion, under Book.

Cheliform
Chel´i•form, a. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having a movable joint or finger closing against a preceding joint or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be used for grasping, as the claw of a crab; pincherlike.

Chelone
Che•lo´ne, n. [Gr. chelw•nh a tortoise. So named from shape of the upper lip of the corolla.] (Bot.) A genus of hardy perennial flowering plants, of the order Scrophulariaceae, natives of North America; — called also snakehead, turtlehead, shellflower, etc.

Chelonia
Che•lo´ni•a (ke•lo"ni•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chelw•nh a tortoise.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, peculiar in having a part of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also Illust. in Appendix.

Chelura
Che•lu´ra, n. [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw + tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber.

Chely
Che´ly, n. A claw. See Chela. [Obs.]

Chemical
Chem´ic•al, a. Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes of chemistry; as chemical changes; chemical combinations. Chemicalattraction or affinity. See under Attraction.

Chemical
Chem´ic•al, n. A substance used for producing a chemical effect; a reagent.

Chemically
Chem´ic•al•ly, adv. According to chemical principles; by chemical process or operation.

Chemiglyphic
Chem•i•glyph´ic, a. [ Chemical + to engrave.] Engraved by a voltaic battery.

Chemigraphy
Che•mig´ra•phy, n. [ Chemical + -graphy.] Any mechanical engraving process depending upon chemical action; specif., a process of zinc etching not employing photography. — Chem•i•graph´ic (#), a.

Chemiloon
Chem•i•loon´, n. A garment for women, consisting of chemise and drawers united in one. [U. S.]

Chemise
Che•mise´, n. [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, camisia, shirt, thin dress; cf. G. hemd, or OIr. caimmse sort of garment. Cf. Camis.]
1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women.
2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork.

Chemism
Chem´ism, n. [Cf. F. chimisme. See Chemistry.] The force exerted between the atoms of elementary substance whereby they unite to form chemical compounds; chemical attaction; affinity; — sometimes used as a general expression for chemical activity or relationship.