Ara
A´ra, n. [L.] (Astron.) The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion.
Arabesque
Ar•a•besque´, n. [F. arabesque, fr. It. arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together. It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco- Roman work.
Arabesqued
Ar•a•besqued´, a. Ornamented in the style of arabesques.
Arabian
A•ra´bi•an, a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. Arabian bird, the phenix. Shak.
Arabic
Ar´a•bic, a. [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.] Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians. Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. — Gum arabic. See under Gum.
Arabical
A•rab´ic•al, a. Relating to Arabia; Arabic. — A•rab´ic•al•ly, adv.
Arabism
Ar´a•bism, n. [Cf. F. Arabisme.] An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language. Stuart.
Arable
Ar´a•ble, a. [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr., E. ear, to plow. See Earable.] Fit for plowing or tillage; — hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled.
Arace
A•race´, v. t. [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix a. is perh. due to L. a. . See Eradicate.] To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt.
Arachnidan
A•rach´ni•dan, n. [Gr. spider.] (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnida.
Arachnidium
Ar•ach•nid´i•um, n. [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zoöl.) The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted.
Arachnitis
Ar•ach•ni´tis, n. [Gr. + .] (Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.
Arachnoid
A•rach´noid, n.
1. (Anat.) The arachnoid membrane.
2. (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnoidea.
Arachnoidal
Ar•ach•noid´al, a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid.
Arachnoidea
Ar•ach•noid´e•a, n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Arachnida.
Arachnological
A•rach•no•log´ic•al, a. Of or pertaining to arachnology.
Arachnologist
Ar•ach•nol´o•gist, n. One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology.
Araeostyle
A•rae´o•style, a. & n. [L. araeostylos, Gr. ; at intervals + pillar, column.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.
Araeosystyle
A•rae•o•sys´tyle, a. & n. [Gr. as intervals + . See Systyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.
Araguato
A•ra•gua´to, n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler ( Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, n. , 2.
Arak
Ar´ak, n. Same as Arrack. { Ar•a•maean, Ar•a•me´an }, a. [L. Aramaeus, Gr., fr. Heb. Aram, i. e. Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. — n. A native of Aram.
Aramaic
Ar•a•ma´ic, a. [See Aramaean, a.] Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aramaean; — specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. — n. The Aramaic language.
Aramaism
Ar•a•ma´ism, n. An idiom of the Aramaic. { Ar•a•ne´i•da, Ar•a•ne•oid´e•a } n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Araneina.
Araneiform
Ar•a•ne´i•form a. [L. aranea spider + - form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form of a spider. Kirby.
Araneose
A•ra´ne•ose (a•ra"ne•os•), a. [L. araneosus.] Of the aspect of a spider’s web; arachnoid.
Araneous
A•ra´ne•ous (-us), a. [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider’s web.] Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham.
Arapaima
A•ra•pai´ma, n. [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) A large fresh-water food fish of South America.
Aratory
Ar´a•to•ry, a. [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.] Contributing to tillage.
Araucarian
Ar•au•ca´ri•an, a. Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly Araucarian. Dana. { Ar´ba•lest, Ar´ba•list } n. [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista.] (Antiq.) A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke. { Ar´ba•lest•er, Ar´ba•list•er } n. [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.] A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed.
Arbitrable
Ar´bi•tra•ble, a. [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See Arbitrate, v. t.] Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic] Bp. Hall.
Arbitral
Ar´bi•tral, a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.]
Arbitrarily
Ar´bi•tra•ri•ly, adv. In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely.
Arbitrarious
Ar•bi•tra´ri•ous, a. [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.] Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] — Ar•bi•tra´ri•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]
Arbitrary
Ar´bi•tra•ry, a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.]
1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment.
"It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so." - Jer. Taylor.
"Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things." - Landor.
2. Exercised according to one’s own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power.
"Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness." - Washington.
3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden. Arbitrary constant, Arbitrary function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. — Arbitrary quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure.
Arbitrate
Ar´bi•trate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arbitrated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating .] [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.]
1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as to choose to arbitrate a disputed case.
2. To decide, or determine generally. South.
"There shall your swords and lances arbitrate
The swelling difference of your settled hate." - Shak.
Arbitrator
Ar´bi•tra•tor, n. [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.]
1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration.
2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor.
"Though Heaven be shut,
And Heaven’s high Arbitrators sit secure." - Milton.
"Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace." - Addison.
Syn. — Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge.
Arbitratrix
Ar´bi•tra•trix, n. [L., fem. of arbitrator.] A female who arbitrates or judges.
Arbitress
Ar´bi•tress, n. [From Arbiter.] A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton.
Arbor
Ar´bor, n. [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney.
Arborary
Ar´bo•ra•ry, a. [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.] Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal.
Arborator
Ar´bo•ra•tor, n. [L., fr. arbor tree.] One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn.
Arbored
Ar´bored, a. Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. "An arboreal walk." Pollok.
Arboricultural
Ar•bor•i•cul´tur•al, a. Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon.
Arboriculture
Ar•bor•i•cul´ture ( 135), n. [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.] The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes.
Arboriculturist
Ar•bor•i•cul´tur•ist, n. One who cultivates trees.
Arborized
Ar´bor•ized, a. Having a treelike appearance. "An arborized or moss agate." Wright.
Arborous
Ar´bor•ous, a. Formed by trees. [Obs.]
"From under shady, arborous roof." - Milton.
Arbuscular
Ar•bus´cu•lar, a. Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa.
Arc, n. [F. arc, L. arcus bow, arc. See Arch, n. ]
1. (Geom.) A portion of a curved line; as the arc of a circle or of an ellipse.
2. A curvature in the shape of a circular arc or an arch; as the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley’s quadrant.
3. An arch. [Obs.]
"Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs." - Milton.
4. The apparent arc described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night. Electric arc, Voltaic arc. See under Voltaic.
Arc (ärk), v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Arcked (ärkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Arcking.] (Elec.) To form a voltaic arc, as an electrical current in a broken or disconnected circuit.
Arcanum
Ar•ca´num, n. ; pl. Arcana . [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.]
1. A secret; a mystery; — generally used in the plural.
"Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead." - Warburton.
2. (Med.) A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison.
Arcboutant
Arc••bou•tant´, n. [F.] (Arch.) A flying buttress. Gwilt.
Arch, n. [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.]
1. (Geom.) Any part of a curved line.
2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedge-shaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising in a curve. Scientifically considered, the arch is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust.
3. Any place covered by an arch; an archway; as to pass into the arch of a bridge.
4. Any curvature in the form of an arch; as the arch of the aorta. "Colors of the showery arch." Milton. Triumphal arch, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph.
Arch, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.]
1. To cover with an arch or arches.
2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch.
"The horse arched his neck." - Charlesworth.
Arch, v. i. To form into an arch; to curve.
Arch (ärch), a. [See Arch-, pref.]
1. Chief; eminent; greatest; principal.
"The most arch act of piteous massacre." - Shak.
2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as an arch look, word, lad.
"[He] spoke his request with so arch a leer." - Tatler.
Arch, n. [See Arch-, pref.] A chief. [Obs.]
"My worthy arch and patron comes to-night." - Shak.
Arch- (ärch-, except in archangel and one or two other words). [L. arch-, Gr. . See Arch-.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend.
Arch brick
Arch" brick . A wedge-shaped brick used in the building of an arch.
Arch stone
Arch" stone . A wedge-shaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir.
Archaeologist
Ar•chae•ol´o•gist, n. One versed in archaeology; an antiquary. Wright.
Archaical
Ar•cha´ic•al, a. Archaic. [R.] — Ar•cha´ic•al•ly, adv.
Archaism
Ar´cha•ism, n. [Gr. ’archai:smo•s, fr. ’archai^os ancient, fr. ’archh• beginning: cf. F. archaïsme. See Arch, a. ]
1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use.
2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness.
"A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary." - De Quincey.
Archaist
Ar´cha•ist, n.
1. Am antiquary.
2. One who uses archaisms.
Archaistic
Ar•cha•is´tic, a. Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism.
Archaize
Ar´cha•ize, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Archaized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. ’archai:•zein.] To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy.
Archangel
Arch•an´gel, n. [L. archangelus, Gr. ’archa•ggelos: cf. OF. archangel, F. archange. See Arch-, pref., and Angel.]
1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton.
2. (Bot.) A term applied to several different species of plants ( Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.).
Archbishop
Arch•bish´op, n. [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. ’archiepi•skopos. See Bishop.] A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.
Archbishopric
Arch•bish´op•ric, n. [AS. arcebiscoprice. See -ric.] The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority.
Archchamberlain
Arch•cham´ber•lain, n. [Cf. G. erzkämmerer. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chamberlain; — an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England.
Archchancellor
Arch•chan´cel•lor, n. [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chancellor; — an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court.
Archchemic
Arch•chem´ic, a. Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] "The archchemic sun." Milton.
Archdeacon
Arch•dea´con, n. [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. . See Arch-, pref., and Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone.
Archdeaconry
Arch•dea´con•ry, n. The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See Benefice.
"Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries." - Blackstone.
Archdeaconship
Arch•dea´con•ship, n. The office of an archdeacon.
Archdiocese
Arch•di´o•cese, n. [Pref. arch- + diocese.] The diocese of an archbishop.
Archducal
Arch•du´cal, a. Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy.
Archduchess
Arch•duch´ess, n. [Pref. arch- + duchess.] The consort of an archduke; also a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke.
Archduchy
Arch•duch´y, n. The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash.
Archebiosis
Ar•che•bi•o´sis, n. [Pref. arche- = archi- + Gr. bi•wsis, bi•os, life.] The origination of living matter from non-living. See Abiogenesis. Bastian.
Arched, a. Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as an arched door.
Archegony
Ar•cheg´o•ny, n. [See Archegonium.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis.
Archenteric
Arch•en•ter´ic, a. (Biol.) Relating to the archenteron; as archenteric invagination.
Archenteron
Arch•en´ter•on, n. [Pref. arch- + Gr. intestine.] (Biol.) The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination.
Archeology
Ar•che•ol´o•gy, n. , Ar•che•o•log•ic•al, a. Same as Archaeology, etc.
Archer
Arch´er, n. [ archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n. ] A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow.
Arches
Arch´es, pl. of Arch, n. Court of arches, or Arches Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. Mary- le-Bow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W.
Archetype
Ar´che•type (är"ke•tip), n. [L. archetypum, Gr. ’arche•typon, fr. ’arche•typos stamped first and as model; ’arche = ’archi + ty•pos stamp, figure, pattern, ty•ptein to strike: cf. F. archetype. See Arch-, pref.]
1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed.
"The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet." - Macaulay.
"Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world." - South.
2. (Coinage) The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted.
3. (Biol.) The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as the vertebrate archetype.
Archetypical
Ar•che•typ´ic•al, a. Relating to an archetype; archetypal.
Archeus
Ar•che´us, n. [LL. archeus, Gr. ’archai^os ancient, primeval, fr. ’archh• beginning. See Archi-, pref.] The vital principle or force which (according to the Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers. [Obs.] Johnson.
Archical
Ar´chi•cal, a. [Gr. able to govern, fr. beginning, government. See Arch-, pref. ] Chief; primary; primordial. [Obs.] Cudworth.
Archil
Ar´chil ( 277), n. [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.]
1. A violet dye obtained from several species of lichen ( Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson.
2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.]
Arching
Arch´ing, n.
1. The arched part of a structure.
2. (Naut.) Hogging; — opposed to sagging.
Archipelagic
Ar•chi•pe•lag´ic, a. Of or pertaining to an archipelago.
Archipelago
Ar•chi•pel´a•go, n. ; pl. - goes or -gos . [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref + sea, perh. akin to blow, and expressing the beating of the waves. See Plague.]
1. The Grecian Archipelago, or AEgean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands.
2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands.
Architect
Ar´chi•tect (är"ki•tekt), n. [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. chief artificer, master builder; pref. ’archi- (E. archi- ) + workman, akin to art, skill, to produce: cf. F. architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.]
1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed.
2. A contriver, designer, or maker.
"The architects of their own happiness." - Milton.
"A French woman is a perfect architect in dress." - Coldsmith.
Architective
Ar•chi•tec´tive, a. Used in building; proper for building. Derham. { Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic, Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic•al, } a. [L. architectonicus, Gr. . See Architect.]
1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. "Architectonic wisdom." Boyle.
"These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged." - J. C. Shairp.
2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge.
Architectonics
Ar•chi•tec•ton´ics, n. The science of architecture.
Architecture
Ar´chi•tec•ture ( 135), n. [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.]
1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; — often called civil architecture.
"Many other architectures besides Gothic." - Ruskin.
3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure; workmanship.
"The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees." - Tyndall.
"The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine architecture." - Burnet.
Military architecture, the art of fortifications. — Naval architecture, the art of building ships.
Architrave
Ar´chi•trave, n. [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archi- + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form.
Architraved
Ar´chi•traved, a. Furnished with an architrave. Cowper.
Archival
Ar´chi•val, a. Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke.
Archive
Ar´chive, n. ; pl. Archives . [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. government house, archives, fr. the first place, government. See Archi-, pref.]
1. pl. The place in which public records or historic documents are kept.
"Our words … . become records in God’s court, and are laid up in his archives as witnesses." - Gov. of Tongue.
2. pl. Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as the archives of a country or family. [Rarely used in sing. ]
"Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press." - Lamb.
Syn. — Registers; records; chronicles.
Archivist
Ar´chi•vist, n. [F. archiviste.] A keeper of archives or records. [R.]
Archivolt
Ar´chi•volt, n. [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged. { Arch´lute, Arch´i•lute } n. [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.] (Mus.) A large theorbo, or double-necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison.
Archmarshal
Arch•mar´shal, n. [G. erzmarschall. See Arch-, pref.] The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony.
Archonship
Ar´chon•ship, n. The office of an archon. Mitford.
Archontate
Ar´chon•tate, n. [Cf. F. archontat.] An archon’s term of office. Gibbon.
Archonts
Ar´chonts, n. pl. [Gr. ’a•rchwn, p. pr. See Archon.] (Zoöl.) The group including man alone.
Archoplasm
Ar´cho•plasm, n. [See Archon; Plasma.] (Biol.) The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist.
Archprelate
Arch•prel´ate, n. [Pref. arch- + prelate.] An archbishop or other chief prelate.
Archpriest
Arch•priest´, n. A chief priest; also a kind of vicar, or a rural dean.
Archprimate
Arch•pri´mate, n. [Pref. arch- + primate.] The chief primate. Milton.
Archtraitor
Arch•trai´tor, n. [Pref. arch- + traitor.] A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts.
Archwife
Arch•wife´, n. [Pref. arch- + wife.] A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer.
archy
•ar´chy . [Gr., fr. chief. See Arch-, pref.] A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in mon archy, the rule of one only. Cf. -arch.
Arciform
Ar´ci•form, a. [L. arcus bow + -form.] Having the form of an arch; curved.
Arctic
Arc´tic, a. [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr., fr. a bear, also a northern constellation so called; akin to L. ursus bear, Skr. ksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature. The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23° 28′ from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone.
Arctic
Arc´tic, n.
1. The arctic circle.
2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.]
Arcturus
Arc•tu´rus, n. [L. Arcturus, Gr. bearward, equiv. to ; bear + ward, guard. See Arctic.] (Anat.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Boötes. Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major.
"Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: "the Bear with her train"]." - Job xxxviii. 32.
Arcual
Arc´u•al, a. Of or pertaining to an arc. Arcual measure of an angle (Math.), that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle. { Arc´u•ate, Arc´u•a•ted (#), } a. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. "Arcuate stalks." Gray.
Arcubalist
Ar´cu•ba•list, n. [See Arbalist.] A crossbow. Fosbroke.
Arcubalister
Ar•cu•bal´ist•er, n. [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden.
Arcubus
Ar´cu•bus, n. See Arquebus. [Obs.]
Ardently
Ar´dent•ly, adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately.
Ardor
Ar´dor, n. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.]
1. Heat, in a literal sense; as the ardor of the sun’s rays.
2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor.
3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.]
Syn. — Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor.
Arduous
Ar´du•ous ( 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.]
1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb.
"Those arduous paths they trod." - Pope.
2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as an arduous employment, task, or enterprise.
Syn. — Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. — Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as an arduous task, an arduous duty. "It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others."
Arduously
Ar´du•ous•ly, adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness.
Arduousness
Ar´du•ous•ness, n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution.
Are . [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr., Skr. smas; all from a root a. . See Am and Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root a. .
Are, n. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards.
Area
A´re•a (a"re•a; 277), n. ; pl. Areas (-az) . [L. area a broad piece of level ground. Cf. Are, n. ]
1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building.
"The Alban lake … looks like the area of some vast amphitheater." - Addison.
2. The inclosed space on which a building stands.
3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building.
4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth’s surface; a region; as vast uncultivated areas.
5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as the area of a square or a triangle.
6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space; as the germinative area.
7. Extent; scope; range; as a wide area of thought.
"The largest area of human history and man’s common nature." - F. Harrison.
Dry area. See under Dry. { A•read´, A•reed´ }, v. t. [OE. areden, AS. araedan to interpret. See Read.]
1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.]
"Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case." - Spenser.
2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton.
3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct.
"But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt!" - Milton.
4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.
Arear
A•rear´, v. t. & i. [AS. araeran. See Rear.] To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.]
Arear
A•rear´, adv. [See Arrear, adv. ] Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser.
Areek
A•reek´, adv. & a. [Pref. a. + reek.] In a reeking condition. Swift.
Arefy
Ar´e•fy, v. t. [L. arere to be dry + -fly.] To dry, or make dry. Bacon.
Arenarious
Ar•e•na´ri•ous, a. [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; as arenarious soil.
Arendator
Ar•en•da´tor, n. [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; a. + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues. A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke.
Arenose
Ar´e•nose, a. [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; full of sand. Johnson.
Areola
A•re´o•la, n. ; pl. Areolae . [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. areole. See Area.]
1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect’s wing.
2. (Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.
Areopagite
Ar•e•op´a•gite, n. [L. Areopagites, Gr. .] A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34.
Areopagitic
Ar•e•op•a•git´ic, a. [L. Areopagiticus, Gr. .] Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford.
Areostyle
A•re´o•style, a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Araeostyle.
Areosystyle
A•re•o•sys´tyle, a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Araeosystyle.
Arere
A•rere´, v. t. & i. See Arear. [Obs.] Ellis.
Arest
A•rest´, n. A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Aret
A•ret´, v. t. [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. a. ) + OF. reter, L. reputare. See Repute.] To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Arew
A•rew´. adv. [See Arow, Row.] In a row. [Obs.] "All her teeth arew." Spenser.
Argal
Ar´gal, n. Crude tartar. See Argol.
Argal
Ar´gal, adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak. { Ar´gal, Ar´ga•li } n. [Mongolian.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild sheep ( Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia. The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn.
Argala
Ar´ga•la, n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The adjutant bird.
Argent
Ar´gent, n. [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. ’a•rgyros silver, ’argo•s, ’argh•s, white, bright, Skr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.]
1. Silver, or money. [Archaic]
2. (Fig. & Poet.) Whiteness; anything that is white.
"The polished argent of her breast." - Tennyson.
3. (Her.) The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; — represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale.
Argental
Ar•gen´tal, a. Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver.
Argentan
Ar´gen•tan, n. An alloy of nickel with copper and zinc; German silver.
Argentate
Ar´gen•tate, a. [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.) Silvery white. Gray.
Argentation
Ar•gen•ta´tion, n. [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson.
Argil
Ar´gil, n. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. or argil, white. See Argent.] (Min.) Clay, or potter’s earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See Clay.
Argillaceous
Ar•gil•la´ceous, a. [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.] Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey. Argillaceous sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. — Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone. — Argillaceous schist or state. See Argillite.
Argillo-ferruginous
Ar•gil•lo-fer•ru´gi•nous, a. Containing clay and iron.
Argillous
Ar•gil´lous, a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne.
Argol
Ar´gol, n. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure.
Argolic
Ar•gol´ic, a. [L. Argolicus, Gr. .] Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus.
Argonaut
Ar´go•naut, n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. ; + sailor, ship. See Argo.]
1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece.
2. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta.
Argonauta
Ar•go•nau´ta, n. (Zoöl.) A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor. The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See Hectocotylus.
Argonautic
Ar´go•naut´ic, a. [L. Argonauticus.] Of or pertaining to the Argonauts.
Arguable
Ar´gu•a•ble, a. Capable of being argued; admitting of debate.
Argue
Ar´gue, v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Argued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.]
1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason.
"I argue not
Against Heaven’s hand or will." - Milton.
2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; - - followed by with; as you may argue with your friend without convincing him.
Argue
Ar´gue, v. t.
1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued.
2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning.
"So many laws argue so many sins." - Milton.
3. To persuade by reasons; as to argue a man into a different opinion.
4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.]
"Thoughts and expressions … which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality." - Dryden.
Syn. — to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. — To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one’s cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments.
"Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth." - Crabb.
"Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud,
Bold without caution, without honors proud." - Falconer.
"Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate." - Dryden.
Argulus
Ar´gu•lus, n. [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura.
Argumentation
Ar•gu•men•ta´tion, n. [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.]
1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true.
"Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is, … every man that hath with perceiveth." - Tyndale.
2. Debate; discussion.
Syn. — Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning.
Argumentize
Ar´gu•men•tize, v. i. To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood.
Argus-eyed
Ar´gus-eyed, a. Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted.
Argutation
Ar•gu•ta´tion, n. [L. argutatio. See Argue.] Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.]
Argute
Ar•gute´, a. [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.]
1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson.
2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd.
"The active preacher … the argue schoolman." - Milman.
Arhizal
A•rhi´zal, A•rhi´zous, A•rhyth´mic, A•rhyth´mous a. See Arrhizal Arrhizous, Arrhythmic Arrhythmous.
Aria
A´ri•a, n. [It., fr. L. aër. See Air.] (Mus.) An air or song; a melody; a tune. The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas oratorios, cantatas anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes.
Arianize
A´ri•an•ize, v. i. To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian.
Arillate
Ar´il•late . Ar´l•la•ted, Ar´iled a. [Cf. NL. arillatus F. arille.] Having an aril.
Arioso
A•ri•o´so, adv. & a. [It.] (Mus.) In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose.
Arise
A•rise´ (a•riz"), v. i. [ imp. Arose (-roz"); p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen (- riz"’n).]. [AS. arisan; a (equiv. to Goth. us-, ur-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + risan to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.]
1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one’s bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning.
2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise.
"There arose up a new king … which knew not Joseph." - Ex. i. 8.
"The doubts that in his heart arose." - Milton.
3. To proceed; to issue; to spring.
"Whence haply mention may arise
Of something not unseasonable to ask." - Milton.
Arist
A•rist´, 3d sing. pres. of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Aristarch
Ar´is•tarch, n. [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.] A severe critic. Knowles.
Aristarchy
Ar´is•tar•chy, n. Severely criticism.
Aristarchy
Ar´is•tar•chy, n. Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.
Aristate
A•ris´tate, a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.]
1. (Bot.) Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray.
2. (Zoöl.) Having a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip.
Aristocracy
Ar•is•toc´ra•cy, n. ; pl. Aristocracies . [Gr. ; best + to be strong, to rule, strength; is perh. from the same root as E. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr. .]
1. Government by the best citizens.
2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.]
"In the Senate
Right not our quest in this, I will protest them
To all the world, no aristocracy." - B. Jonson.
3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy.
"The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach." - Swift.
4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect.
Aristocrat
A•ris´to•crat ( 277), n. [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.]
1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble.
2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person.
"A born aristocrat, bred radical." - Mrs. Browning.
3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern.
"His whole family are accused of being aristocrats." - Romilly.
{ Ar•is•to•crat´ic, Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. aristocratique.]
1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as an aristocratic constitution.
2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. - - Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al•ness, n.
Aristology
Ar•is•tol´o•gy, n. [Gr. dinner + -logy.] The science of dining. Quart. Rev.
Aristophanic
Ar•is•to•phan´ic, a. Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet.
Aristotelian
Ar•is•to•te´li•an ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384-322 b. c.). — n. A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic.
Aristulate
A•ris´tu•late ( 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.) Having a short beard or awn. Gray.
Arithmancy
Ar´ith•man•cy, n. [Gr. number + -mancy.] Divination by means of numbers.
Arithmetic
A•rith´me•tic, n. [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. (sc. ), fr. arithmetical, fr. to number, fr. number, prob. fr. same root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.]
1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures.
2. A book containing the principles of this science. Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. — Political arithmetic, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. — Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra.
Arithmetical
Ar•ith•met´ic•al, a. Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. — Arithmetical mean. See Mean. — Arithmetical progression. See Progression. — Arithmetical proportion. See Proportion.
Arithmetically
Ar•ith•met´ic•al•ly, adv. Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic.
Arithmetician
A•rith•me•ti´cian, n. [Cf. F. arithmeticien.] One skilled in arithmetic.
Arithmometer
Ar•ith•mom´e•ter, n. [Gr. number + -meter: cf. F. arithmomètre.] A calculating machine.
Ark shell
Ark" shell . (Zoöl.) A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies.
Arles, n. pl. [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.] An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.] Arles penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey.
Arm, n. [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. joining, joint, shoulder, fr. the root to join, to fit together; cf. Slav. rame. . See Art, Article.]
1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also the corresponding limb of a monkey.
2. Anything resembling an arm; as (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc.
3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as the secular arm; the arm of the law.
"To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?" - Isa. lii. 1.
Arm’s end, the end of the arm; a good distance off. Dryden. — Arm’s length, the length of the arm. — Arm’s reach, reach of the arm; the distance the arm can reach. — To go (or walkarm in arm, to go with the arm or hand of one linked in the arm of another. "When arm in armwe went along." Tennyson. — To keep at arm’s length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. — To work at arm’s length, to work disadvantageously.
Arm, n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; — commonly in the pl.
Arm, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Armed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.]
1. To take by the arm; to take up in one’s arms. [Obs.]
"And make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave: come, arm him." - Shak.
"Arm your prize;
I know you will not lose him." - Two N. Kins.
2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.]
"His shoulders broad and strong, Armed long and round. Beau. & Fl."
3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as to arm soldiers; to arm the country.
"Abram … armed his trained servants." - Gen. xiv. 14.
4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling.
5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense.
"Arm yourselves … with the same mind." - 1 Pet. iv. 1.
To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature.
Armada
Ar•ma´da (är•ma"da or är•mä"da), n. [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.] A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558.
Armadillo
Ar•ma•dil´lo (är•ma•dil"lo), n. ; pl. Armadillos (-loz). [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. So called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypidae, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) is found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball.
Armature
Ar´ma•ture, n. [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.]
1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants.
2. (Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force.
3. (Arch.) Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss.
Armchair
Arm´chair, n. A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson.
Armed, a.
1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. "And armed host." Dryden.
2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency.
"A distemper eminently armed from heaven." - De Foe.
3. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc; - - said of beasts and birds of prey. Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed cap-à- pie. Cussans. — Armed en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute. — Armed magnet, a magnet provided with an armature. — Armed neutrality. See under Neutrality.
Armful
Arm´ful, n. ; pl. Armfulus . As much as the arm can hold.
Arm-gret
Arm´-gret, a. Great as a man’s arm. [Obs.]
"A wreath of gold, arm-gret." - Chaucer.
Armiferous
Ar•mif´er•ous, a. [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.] Bearing arms or weapons. [R.]
Armillary
Ar´mil•la•ry, a. [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n. ] Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles. Armillary sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol.
Arminian
Ar•min´i•an ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n.
Arminianism
Ar•min´i•an•ism, n. The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.
Armipotence
Ar•mip´o•tence, n. [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.] Power in arms. [R.] Johnson.
Armless
Arm´less, a.
1. Without any arm or branch.
2. Destitute of arms or weapons.
Armor
Ar´mor, n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.]
1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one’s person in battle. In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide.
2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. — Submarine, a water- tight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine.
Armorial
Ar•mo´ri•al, a. [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family.
"Figures with armorial signs of race and birth." - Wordsworth.
Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4. { Ar•mor´ic, Ar•mor´i•can } a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic a. on, at + mor sea.] Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. — n. The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times.
Armorist
Ar´mor•ist, n. [F. armoriste.] One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans.
Armory
Ar´mo•ry, n. ; pl. Armories . [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.]
1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping.
2. Armor; defensive and offensive arms.
"Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears." - Milton.
3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.]
4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spenser.
5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor.
"The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin." - Cussans.
{ Ar•mo•zeen´, Ar•mo•zine´ }, n. [ armosin, armoisin.] A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds.
Armpit
Arm´pit, n. [ Arm + pit.] The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla.
Armrack
Arm´rack, n. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms.
Arms, n. pl. [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n. ]
1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense.
"He lays down his arms, but not his wiles." - Milton.
"Three horses and three goodly suits of arms." - Tennyson.
2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. "Arms and the man I sing." Dryden.
3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone.
4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son.
5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell. Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. — In arms, armed for war; in a state of hostility. — Small arms, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. — A stand of arms, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. — To arms! a summons to war or battle. — Under arms, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade. Arm’s end, Arm’s length, Arm’s reach. See under Arm.
Armure
Ar´mure, n. [F. See Armor.]
1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface.
Army
Ar´my, n. [F. armee, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.]
1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers.
2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as the Blue Ribbon Army.
3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host.
"An army of good words." - Shak.
Standing army, a permanent army of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers.
Army worm
Ar"my worm . (Zoöl.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small two-winged fly ( Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton.
Arnicin
Ar´ni•cin, n. [See Arnica.] (Chem.) An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin.
Aroid
Ar´oid, n. [ Arum + - oid.] (Bot.) Any plant of the Arum family ( Araceae).
Aroint
A•roint´ (a•roint"), interj. [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. ryman to make room or way, fr. rum room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.] Stand off, or begone. [Obs.]
"Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries." - Shak.
Arolla
A•rol´la (a•rol"la), n. [F. arolle.] (Bot.) The stone pine ( Pinus Cembra).
Aroma
A•ro´ma, n. [L. aroma, Gr. : cf. OE. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.]
1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as the aroma of coffee.
2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as the subtile aroma of genius. { Ar•o•mat´ic, Ar•o•mat´ic•al } a. [L. aromaticus, Gr. : cf. F. aromatique. See Aroma.] Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strong-scented; odoriferous; as aromatic balsam. Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C6H6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. — Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar.
Aromatize
A•ro´ma•tize ( 277), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Aromatized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aromatizing.] [L. aromatizare, Gr. : cf. F. aromatiser.] To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon.
Aromatizer
A•ro´ma•ti•zer, n. One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn.
Around
A•round´, adv. [Pref. a. + round.]
1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round.
2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as to travel around from town to town.
3. Near; in the neighborhood; as this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.] See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used.
Arouse
A•rouse´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Aroused ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.] [Pref. a. + rouse.] To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties.
"Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse
His brother, mighty sovereign on the host." - Cowper.
"No suspicion was aroused." - Merivale.
Arpentator
Ar•pen•ta´tor, n. [See Arpent.] The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor. [R.]
Arquated
Ar´qua•ted, a. Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.] { Ar´que•bus, Ar´que•buse } ( 277), n. [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr. D. haak-bus; cf. G. hakenbüchse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.]
Arrack
Ar´rack ( 277), n. [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.] A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc.
Arraign
Ar•raign´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arraigned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. a. + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.]
1. (Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone.
2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal.
"They will not arraign you for want of knowledge." - Dryden.
"It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world." - I. Taylor.
Syn. — To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce. See Accuse.
Arraign
Ar•raign´, n. Arraignment; as the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. Macaulay.
Arraiment
Ar•rai´ment, Ar•ray´ment, n. [From Array, v. t.] Clothes; raiment. [Obs.]
Arrange
Ar•range´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging .] [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. a. ) + OF. rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.]
1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as troops arranged for battle.
"So [they] came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets." - Berners.
"[They] were beginning to arrange their hampers." - Boswell.
"A mechanism previously arranged." - Paley.
2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking.
Syn. — Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify.
Arrant
Ar´rant, a. [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.] Notoriously or preëminently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as an arrant rogue or coward.
"I discover an arrant laziness in my soul." - Fuller.
2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.]
"An arrant honest woman." - Burton.
Arrasene
Ar•ras•ene´, n. [From Arras.] A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery.
Arrastre
Ar•ras´tre, n. [Sp.] A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold.
Arraswise
Ar´ras•wise•, Ar´ras•ways, adv. [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; — said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans.
Arraught
Ar•raught´ . [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raught.] Obtained; seized. Spenser.
Array
Ar•ray´, n. [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. a. ) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. reiði rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.]
1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as drawn up in battle array.
"Wedged together in the closest array." - Gibbon.
2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers.
"A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers." - Prescott.
3. An imposing series of things.
"Their long array of sapphire and of gold." - Byron.
4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden.
5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court. To challenge the array (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. — Commission of array (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone.
Array
Ar•ray´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arrayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.] [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n. ]
1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal.
"By torch and trumpet fast arrayed,
Each horseman drew his battle blade." - Campbell.
"These doubts will be arrayed before their minds." - Farrar.
2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; — applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind.
"Pharaoh … arrayed him in vestures of fine linen." - Gen. xli..
"In gelid caves with horrid gloom arrayed." - Trumbull.
3. (Law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. To array a panel, to set forth in order the men that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins.
Syn. — To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order.
Arrear
Ar•rear´, adv. [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arrière, fr. L. a. + retro backward. See Rear.] To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser.
Arrearage
Ar•rear´age, n. [F. arrerage, fr. arrière, OF. arere. See Arrear.] That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part; arrears.
"The old arrearages … being defrayed." - Howell.
{ Ar•rect´, Ar•rect´ed } a. [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; a. + regere to lead straight, to direct.]
1. Lifted up; raised; erect.
2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.]
"God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect." - Smalridge.
Arrect
Ar•rect´, v. t.
1. To direct. [Obs.]
"My supplication to you I arrect." - Skelton.
2. [See Aret.] To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More.
Arrectary
Ar•rect´a•ry, n. [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.] An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
Arrentation
Ar•ren•ta´tion . [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law) A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent.
Arreption
Ar•rep´tion, n. [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; a. + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.] The act of taking away. [Obs.] "This arreption was sudden." Bp. Hall.
Arrest
Ar•rest´, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arrêter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. a. + restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.]
1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses.
"Nor could her virtues the relentless hand
Of Death arrest." - Philips.
2. (Law) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as to arrest one for debt, or for a crime. After this word Shakespeare uses of ("I arrest thee of high treason") or on; the modern usage is for.
3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster.
4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.]
"We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies." - Jer. Taylor.
Syn. — To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of.
Arrest
Ar•rest´, v. i. To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser.
Arrest
Ar•rest´, n. [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arrêt, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arrt.]
1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as an arrest of development.
"As the arrest of the air showeth." - Bacon.
2. (Law) The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. also a decree, mandate, or warrant.
"William … ordered him to be put under arrest." - Macaulay.
"[Our brother Norway] sends out arrests
On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys." - Shak.
An arrest may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the arrest. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property.
3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral.
"The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc., … were sad arrests to his troubled spirit." - Jer. Taylor.
4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; — also named rat-tails. White. Arrest of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment.
Arrestee
Ar•res•tee´, n. [See Arrest, v. ] (Scots Law) The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment.
Arret
Ar•ret´, v. t. Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser.
Arrêt
Ar•rêt, n. [F. See Arrest, n. ] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure.
Arrha
Ar´rha, n. ; pl. Arrhae (#). [L. Cf. Earnest.] (Law) Money or other valuable thing given to evidence a contract; a pledge or earnest.
Arrhytmy
Ar´rhyt•my, n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + rhythm.] Want of rhythm. [R.]
Arriere
Ar•riere´, n. [F. arrière. See Arrear.] "That which is behind"; the rear; — chiefly used as an adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate. Arriere fee, Arriere fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. — Arriere vassal, the vassal of a vassal.
Arriere-ban
Ar•riere´-ban, n. [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arrière-ban, though arrière has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.] A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France.
Arrish
Ar´rish, n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.] [Written also arish, ersh, etc.]
"The moment we entered the stubble or arrish." - Blackw. Mag.
Arriswise
Ar´ris•wise, adv. Diagonally laid, as tiles; ridgewise.
Arrival
Ar•riv´al, n. [From Arrive.]
1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land.
"Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes,
Expect his swift arrival." - Dryden.
2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected.
3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as news brought by the last arrival.
"Another arrival still more important was speedily announced." - Macaulay.
4. An approach. [Obs.]
"The house has a corner arrival." - H. Walpole.
Arrive
Ar•rive´, v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Arrived ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. a. + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.]
1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; — followed by a. (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. "Arrived in Padua." Shak.
"[AEneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived … and landed in the country of Laurentum." - Holland.
"There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich." - Macaulay.
2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. To arrive at, or attain to.
"When he arrived at manhood." - Rogers.
"We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts." - McCosh.
"If a. great things thou wouldst arrive." - Milton.
3. To come; said of time; as the time arrived.
4. To happen or occur. [Archaic]
"Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives." - Waller.
Arrive
Ar•rive´, n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer.
"How should I joy of thy arrive to hear!" - Drayton.
Arrogance
Ar´ro•gance, n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption.
"I hate not you for her proud arrogance." - Shak.
Syn. — Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness.
Arrogant
Ar´ro•gant, a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.]
1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one’s self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; — applied to persons.
"Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate." - Shak.
2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; — applied to things; as arrogant pretensions or behavior.
Syn. — Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial.
Arrogantly
Ar´ro•gant•ly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance.
Arrogate
Ar´ro•gate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arrogated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating .] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one’s self; a. + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one’s own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as the pope arrogated dominion over kings.
"He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine." - Macaulay.
Arrogation
Ar•ro•ga´tion, n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.]
1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall.
2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age.
Arrosion
Ar•ro´sion, n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey.
Arrow
Ar´row, n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.
Arrowheaded
Ar´row•head•ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow; cuneiform. Arrowheaded characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; — hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform.
Arrowworm
Ar´row•worm, n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta.
Arsenicate
Ar•sen´i•cate, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arsenicating.] To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic.
Arsenicism
Ar•sen´i•cism, n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic.
Arseniferous
Ar•sen•if´er•ous, a. [ Arsenic + -ferous.] Containing or producing arsenic.
Arsine
Ar´sine (är"sin or -sen), n. [From Arsenic.] (Chem.) A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas having an odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen.
Art (ärt). The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending - t, as in thou shal t, wil t, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style.
Art (ärt), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.]
1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes.
"Blest with each grace of nature and of art." - Pope.
2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; — often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation.
"Science is systematized knowledge … Art is knowledge made efficient by skill." - J. F. Genung.
3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. also an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill.
"The fishermen can’t employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea." - Addison.
4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as he prefers art to literature.
5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as master of arts.
"In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts." - Pope.
"Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation." - Goldsmith.
6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic]
"So vast is art, so narrow human wit." - Pope.
7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; as a man has the art of managing his business to advantage.
8. Skillful plan; device.
"They employed every art to soothe … the discontented warriors." - Macaulay.
9. Cunning; artifice; craft.
"Madam, I swear I use no art at all." - Shak.
"Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength." - Crabb.
10. The black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity. The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination and taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts ( artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, — grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts.
"In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity." - Irving.
Syn. — Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science.
Artemia
Ar•te´mi•a (är•te"mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’A•rtemis, a Greek goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.
Arteriac
Ar•te´ri•ac, a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. . See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe.
Arterialize
Ar•te´ri•al•ize, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arterialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial.
Arteriography
Ar•te•ri•og´ra•phy, n. [Gr. + - graphy.] A systematic description of the arteries.
Arteriole
Ar•te´ri•ole, n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. arteriole.] A small artery.
Arteriology
Ar•te•ri•ol´o•gy, n. [Gr. + - logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries.
Arteritis
Ar•te•ri´tis, n. [ Artery + -etis.] Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison.
Artery
Ar´ter•y, n. ; pl. Arteries . [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. .]
1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] "Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach." Holland.
2. (Anat.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries. In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins.
3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as arteries of trade or commerce.
Artful
Art´ful, a. [From Art.]
1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] "Artful strains." "Artful terms." Milton.
2. Artificial; imitative. Addison.
3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful.
"He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order." - Dryden.
4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as an artful boy. [The usual sense.]
"Artful in speech, in action, and in mind." - Pope.
"The artful revenge of various animals." - Darwin.
Syn. — Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning.
Artfulness
Art´ful•ness, n. The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft.
Arthen
Ar´then, a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.] "An arthen pot." Holland. { Ar•thrit´ic, Ar•thrit´ic•al } a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. ’arqritiko•s. See Arthritis.]
1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper.
Arthrochondritis
Ar•thro•chon•dri´tis, n. [NL.] (Med.) Chondritis of a joint.
Arthrodynic
Ar•thro•dyn´ic, a. Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic.
Arthrography
Ar•throg´ra•phy, n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -graphy.] The description of joints.
Arthromere
Ar´thro•mere, n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard.
Arthropathy
Ar•throp´a•thy, n. [Gr. joint +,, to suffer.] (Med.) Any disease of the joints.
Arthropomata
Ar•thro•pom´a•ta, n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + lid.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda.
Arthrosis
Ar•thro´sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr., fr. ’a•rqron joint.] (Anat.) Articulation.
Artichoke
Ar´ti•choke, n. [It. articiocco, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. al-harshaf, al-kharshuf.] (Bot.)
1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food.
2. See Jerusalem artichoke.
Article
Ar´ti•cle, n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr., fr. a root a. to join, fit. See Art, n. ]
1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as articles of agreement.
2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia.
3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.]
"A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding." - Addison.
"This last article will hardly be believed." - De Foe.
4. A distinct part. "Upon each article of human duty." Paley. "Each article of time." Habington.
"The articles which compose the blood." - E. Darwin.
5. A particular one of various things; as an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article.
"They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food." - Landor.
6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic]
"This fatal news coming to Hick’s Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell’s trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice." - Evelyn.
7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, a. , the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or a. ) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article.
8. (Zoöl.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. — Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. — Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. — In the article of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. — Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. — The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England.
Article
Ar´ti•cle, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Articled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Articling .] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n. , Articulate.]
1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars.
"If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable." - Jer. Taylor.
2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles.
"He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty." - Stat. 33 Geo. III.
3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as to article an apprentice to a mechanic.
Articled
Ar´ti•cled, a. Bound by articles; apprenticed; as an articled clerk.
Articular
Ar•tic´u•lar, a. [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n. ] Of or pertaining to the joints; as an articular disease; an articular process. { Ar•tic´u•lar, Ar•tic´u•la•ry } n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.
Articularly
Ar•tic´u•lar•ly (är•tik"u•ler•ly), adv. In an articular or an articulate manner.
Articulata
Ar•tic•u•la´ta (är•tik•u•la"ta), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v. ] (Zoöl.)
1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of a series of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Malacopoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms.
2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge.
3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea.
Articulate
Ar•tic´u•late, a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.]
1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon.
2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as articulate animals or plants.
3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as articulate speech, sounds, words.
"Total changes of party and articulate opinion." - Carlyle.
Articulate
Ar•tic´u•late, n. (Zoöl.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata.
Articulate
Ar•tic´u•late, v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Articulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating ].
1. To utter articulate sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly.
2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak.
3. To join or be connected by articulation.
Articulateness
Ar•tic´u•late•ness, n. Quality of being articulate.
Articulative
Ar•tic´u•la•tive, a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush.
Articulus
Ar•tic´u•lus n. ; pl. Articuli . [L. See Article.] (Zoöl.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.
Artificer
Ar•tif´i•cer, n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.]
1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith.
2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. "Artificer of fraud." Milton.
"The great Artificer of all that moves." - Cowper.
3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory.
Syn. — Artisan; artist. See Artisan.
Artificial
Ar•ti•fi´cial, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
"Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life." - Shak.
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. "Artificial tears." Shak.
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak.
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as artificial grasses. Gibbon. Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. — Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as "the artificial system" in botany, which is the same as the Linnaean system. — Artificial horizon. See under Horizon. Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. — Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. — Artificial numbers, logarithms. — Artificial person (Law). See under Person. — Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural sines, tangents, etc. Hutton.
Artificialness
Ar•ti•fi´cial•ness, n. The quality of being artificial.
Artificious
Ar•ti•fi´cious, a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson.
Artillerist
Ar•til´ler•ist, n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman.
Artillery
Ar•til´ler•y, n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.]
1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.]
"And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad." - 1 Sam. xx. 40.
2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of artillery.
3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of artillery are confided.
4. The science of artillery or gunnery. Campbell. Artillery park, or Park of artillery. (a) A collective body of siege or field artillery, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the artillery is encamped or collected. — Artillery train, or Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching.
Artilleryman
Ar•til´ler•y•man, n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing.
Artiodactyle
Ar•ti•o•dac´tyle, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Artiodactyla.
Artisan
Ar´ti•san ( 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n. ]
1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.]
2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic.
"This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can … compensate his additional toil and fatigue." - Hume.
Syn. — Artificer; artist. — Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist.
Artist
Art´ist, n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n. , and cf. Artiste.]
1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.]
"How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
Instruct the articles and reward their." - Waller.
2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes.
3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope.
4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.]
Syn. — Artisan. See Artisan.
Artiste
Ar•tiste´, n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. { Ar•tis´tic, Ar•tis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. — Ar•tis´tic•al•ly, adv.
Artlessly
Art´less•ly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope.
Artsman
Arts´man, n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon.
Arundineous
Ar•un•din´e•ous, a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy.
Aruspice
A•rus´pice, n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.]
Arval
Ar´val, n. [W. arwyl funeral; a. over + wylo to weep, or cf. arföl; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. öl ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose.
Aryanize
Ar´yan•ize, v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston.