I nominate "The Red Thumb Mark", by R. Austin Freeman, contained in the "Dr. Thorndyke Omnibus, Vol 1" available here at MR.
This is the first appearance of Freeman's "Dr. Thorndyke"; a criminal lawyer who solves crimes via the application of science. Moreover, it's also the first detective story in which fingerprints play a prominent part, and is an interesting historical "snapshot" from that perspective. Finally, it's a damned good detective story!
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