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Sometimes one encounters fascinating information which leads to further research.
I had never heard of the Araucanian Indians {mentioned by Hemming in a note to chapter 13} of Southern Chili. They were a quite loose confederation of various tribes who successfully resisted the Incas and then the Spanish Conquistadors. The Spanish failed to conquer them and until the 19th century this ethnic group remained independent. They finally accepted amalgamation with the Independent Chilean Government which overthrew Spanish control in the 19the century. They are still an active ethnic group in both Argentina and Chili.
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